0 2476-3594 Isfahan University of Technology 1102 Ggeneral Micropropagation of Date Palm via Somatic Embryogenesis Habashi A Mousavi A Kaviani M Khoshkam S Rostami A 1 1 2009 12 46 1 7 06 06 2010 Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is propagated traditionally through offshoots or suckers, which usually appear at or below the ground level surrounding the stem base. However, there are many problems associated with this system. Offshoots are produced in limited number and vegetative propagation through them is slow, laborious, time consuming and expensive. The present study was conducted to determine the best micropropagation protocol for date palm in Kebab, Estameran, Piarom, and Berehi cultivars. The shoot apical meristem from two to three-year-old offshoots was used as source of explants. They were cultured in callus initiation medium, containing different concentrations of 2,4-D (40, 60, 80 and 100 mgl-1), NAA (10 and 20 mgl-1) and 2ip (3 and 5 mgl-1). All cultivars produced high percentage of callus with good quality in a matter of callus friability and color in 100 mgL-1 2,4-D, 20 mgL-1 NAA, and 3 mgL-1 2ip. Kabkab cultivar was superior for callus production (87.25%) in comparison with other cultivars. The calli were then transferred to a proliferation medium and then transferred to somatic embryogenesis medium containing different concentrations of Kinetin (2, 4 and 6 mgL-1), BAP (2, 4 and 6 mgL-1), and NAA (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mgL-1). Somatic embryogenesis was observed in MS medium supplemented with 2 mgL-1 kinetin, 2 mgL-1 BAP, and 0.1 mgL-1 NAA. Kabkab and Estameran cultivars showed higher somatic embryogenesis in comparison with other two cultivars. The somatic embryos were then transferred to MS medium without hormones under light, where they produced shoots and roots. Abbriviations: 2,4-D- 2,4-dichlorophenoxiaceticacid 2ip-N6(2-isopentenyl)adenine NAA-Naphthalene acetic Acid BAP-6-Benzylaminopurine MS-Murashige and skoog (1962).
1101 Ggeneral Effects of Different Salinity Stresses on Osmotic Adjustment and Activity of Antioxidant-Enzymes in Two Sorghum Genotypes Bazi S Haydari M Mehdinejad N Abasi F 1 1 2009 12 46 9 17 06 06 2010 To evaluate effects of different salinity levels on activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX and GPX) and osmotic components (carbohydrate and proline) in two sorghum genotypes, an experiment was conducted as completely randomized factorial design with three replications in Zabol university in 2007. Three levels of salinity control (0), 100 and 200 mM NaCl and two sorghum genotypes (Payam and Sistan) were compared. Results showed that by increasing salinity levels from 0 to 200 mM NaCl, the activities of these three antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased and the highest level of activity was observed in 200 mM salinity. Payam cultivar had the highest level of APX and GPX enzyme activity in these experiments. salinity significantly changed two osmotic adjustment concentrations (Carbohydrate and proline) and increased their concentrations. The highest proline and carbohydrate were showN in Sistan and Payam, respectively. In this study we found positive correlation between osmotic components and antioxidant enzyme activity. The results showed that in these two sorghum cultivars the two mechanisms help with salinity tolerance. A direct relationship between activity of the antioxidant- enzymes and accumulation of osmotic regulators (carbohydrate and proline) was observed. In Payam genotype, as the activity of the enzymes and accumulation of osmotic regulators increased, the weight of the plants decreased. The decrease in weight could mean some of plant energy is allocated to the production of antioxidant enzymes and osmotic regulators. 1104 Ggeneral Evalution of Allelopathic Potential of Some Traditional and Improved Rice Cultivars of Guilan Province and their Comparison With Allelopatically IRRI Approved Rice Cultivars Modaray Mashhood M Asghari J Hatamzadeh A Mohamad Sharifi M 1 1 2009 12 46 19 29 07 06 2010 To compare the allelopathic potential of some Guilan province rice cultivars with allelopathically approved IRRI rice cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with 3 replications on the Experimental Farm of Agricultural College of Guilan University in spring 2005. Two factors including a) seven rice cultivars (traditional cultivars of Hashemi, Ali Kazemi, and Tarom and 2 modern cultivars of Khazar, and Dorfak and two IRRI cultivars of Dollar and IR64), and b) two types of planting, (including monoculture and mixed culture of each cultivar with Barnyardgrass) were used. A monoculture of Barnyardgrass was also used as a control. Growth rate (GR) and leaf area index (LAI) of Barnyardgrass were determined after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of transplantation (WT), in mixed and monoculture treatments. In addition, after 3, 6, and 9 WTs the type and number of weeds in 1 m2 of each plot was determined. Rice plant samples were taken in 2, 4, 6, and 8 WTs, and were extracted in the Lab to be tested for germination for barnyardgrass and redroot pigweed seeds in Petri dishes. The filed research results showed that GR, LAI, number of weeds and yield of barnyardgrass grown with Dollar cultivar were lower than the others, which indicates higher allelopathic properties of this cultivar. Rice cultivars water extract evaluation of Petri dish also showed that Dollar cultivar has higher allelopathic potential than the other cultivars. Increasing the concentration of the water extracts increased the suppression of treated seedlings. From starting to geramination stage of the rice cultivars, allelopathic effects of the water extracts decreased. Leaves had the highest level of allelopathic potential in comparison to other organs. In other words, the pure extract of Dollar cultivar taken form samples in 2 and 6 WTs had the highest allelopathy potential among the cultivars and samples. 1105 Ggeneral Effect of Planting Date and Plant Density on Grain Yield, Yield Components and Some Quality and Morphological Traits of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Valimohamadi F Tajbakhsh M Saeed A 1 1 2009 12 46 31 40 07 06 2010 In order to evaluate effect of planting date and plant density on grain yield, yield components and some quality and morphological traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was conducted at the research center of agricultural and natural resources of west Azerbaijan in Urmia rain-fed research farm during 2005-2006 growing season in a split plot arrangement, based on a completely randomized block design with four replications. The cultivar of chickpea (Qazvin local mass) was planted in three sowing dates (mid November, mid March and mid April) in main plots, and four plant densities (intra row space: 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) representing (45, 34, 23 and 17 plant/m2) in sub plots. Yield, number of pod per plant, seed protein content, plant height, number of secondary branches and 100 seed weight were evaluated. Results indicated that date of sowing had a significant effect on the yield, number of pod per plant and seed protein content but was not significant for plant height, secondary branches and 100 seed weight. Highest number of pod per plant was obtained in mid November sowing (37.69) and high protein content (22.63) in mid March. Different plant density effects were also not significant on yield, plant height, secondary branches and 100 seed weight but the effect of density on the number of pod per plant and seed protein content was significant. Highest number of pod per plant was obtained in the third density (31.5), and highest protein content in the first density (22.31). The results of study indicated that between mid March planting in the density (45 plant/m2) had highest yield (1042.08kg/ha) and protein content compared with the other planting dates. 1106 Ggeneral Changes in Grain Yield and Associated Physiological Traits in Iranian Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars Released During 1940-2000 Miri H 1 1 2009 12 46 43 62 07 06 2010 In order to study changes in morphophysiological traits of wheat cultivars released from 1940 to 2000 in Iran and to determine the association of these traits with grain yield, an RCBD experiment was conducted with 15 wheat cultivars released during past 60 years in Arsanjan (Fars province) in 2006 and 2007. Results indicated that grain yield increased significantly during these 60 years (r=0.912, P<0.01). HI and BY increased significantly with increasing grain yield. The changes in photosynthesis rate were not significant during this period, but transpiration rate and stomotal conductance in recent cultivars increased significantly. Chlorophyll index also increased in new cultivars. Among yield components, grain number per ear increased significantly, but increase in ear number was not significant. Plant height decreased significantly in new cultivars. The results showed that during wheat breeding in Iran, increasing HI, grain number per ear, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and decreasing plant height had the highest role in wheat yield increase. The role of BY and ear number per area were lower in grain yield increase. It seems that present HI values are near the highest possible value, but the opportunity for increasing grain yield by mean of HI is still possible. 1107 Ggeneral The Effect of Water Deficit Stress on Antioxidant Enzymes During Generative Growth Stages in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Amini Z Hadad R Moradi F 1 1 2009 12 46 65 74 09 06 2010 The effects of irrigation, dry farming and drought treatments on the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase in barley leaves at different generative growth stages under field conditions were investigated. Three senescence parameters including chlorophyll, total soluble protein and rubisco large subunit protein loss, were also studied in order to compare our results to those reported by other researchers. The results showed that leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll and total soluble protein and rubisco large subunit protein content declined with leaf age and the effect of water deficit. The activity of superoxide dismutase declined with the progress of the leaf age on all treatments but ascorbate peroxidase activity declined with leaf age only in irrigated (control) plants. There were no significant differences among developmental stages in catalase activity in control plants, while catalase activity declined in the water dry farming and drought stress conditions. Peroxidase activity increased with the progress of senescence for all of treatments in such conditions. Water deficit stress triggered increases in antioxidant enzymes activities. Results showed that among all studied enzymes, peroxidase has a key role in increasing resistance to oxidative stress on both the senescence stages and drought stress condition in Hordeum vulgare. 1109 Ggeneral Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Iranian and Exotic Tall Fescue Germplasm Majidi M.M Mirlohi A 1 1 2009 12 46 77 90 12 06 2010 This experiment was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity, identify traits explaining yield variation, recognize relationships between traits and classify accessions in a Iranian and forign germplasem of tall fescue. Forty six Iranian and foreign tall fescue accessions were surveyed for Phenological, morphological and agronomical characters in a randomized complete block design with three replications in field for 2 years. Significant differences were observed for all of the characters, indicating broad variation in this germplasm. Iranian accessions had a better performance for most of the traits in both years indicating their high potential for developing commercial varieties in breeding programs. Basis on stepwise regression analysis, crown width justified the majority of hay yield variation, followed by establishment rate, percentage of dry matter, height and number of stem. Hence, these characters could be used for selecting high yielding cultivars. Factor analysis revealed 4 factors which explained more than 80 percent of the total variation and confirmed the results of regression analysis. Using UPGMA method, cluster analysis revealed five groups. Accessions with similar country of origin or same ecological conditions were grouped in same cluster. Regarding the morphological characters the best accessions were identified to be used in the further breeding projects. 1110 Ggeneral Genetic Analysis for Resistance to Sunn Pest Through Diallel Method Zabet M Bihamta M.R Talei A Mardi M Zeynali H Bagheri KH 1 1 2009 12 46 93 107 12 06 2010 To study general combining ability(GCA) and gene action for resistance to sunn pest(Eurygaster integriceps) six lines of bread wheat numbered 7214 ,6412,c-75-4,18,14,12 plus azadi variety werw crossed in a half-diallel system. Seven parents and twenty-one hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replication at Tehran University Research Station during the years 2005-2006. Analysis of variance indicated that among all of traits except for weight of sunn pest damaged kernel, difference existed at 1% level of significant. Results of combining ability analysis showed that in all traits, additive and non- additive variances in inheritance is important. Considering GCA for resistance to sunn pest line 7214 was the best and line 18 was the worst. Considering specific combining ability(SCA) for resistance to sunn pest damage with regard to all of traits the azadi×c-75-4 hybrid was the best and the 18×12 hybrid was the worst. Study of Hayman genetics parameters confirmed the results of Griffing GCA analysis indicating that in all traits additive and non- additive components are effective in inheritance except 50 kernel weight damaged, sunn pest seed damaged percent and height. But dominant variance is more important in these traits. For all traits except awn length exist over dominance, furthermore in all traits nonsymmetrical distribution of negative and positive effects and environment effect is also important. 1111 Ggeneral The Effect of Different Densities and Interferences Periods of Sorghum on Contribution of Stem Reserves to Corn Grain Yield. S.SHarifi R Javanshir A SHakiba M GHasemi Golezani K Mohamadi A Raei Y 1 1 2009 12 46 109 116 12 06 2010 In order to study yield component and determinate the contribution of stem reserves to corn yield under effect of different densities and interference periods of sorghum, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2002 on the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture Tabriz University. Experimental factors were sorghum interference at different periods (0,14,28,42 days after corn emergence and also during plant life corn) with three densities (4,8,12 plants m-2). Characteristics of study were yield, yield component and the contribution of stem reserves to corn grain yield. The results showed that with increasing sorghum density and interference, corn yield components (except the number of grain rows) were decreased, due to shading and competition between plants for using available resources. Maximum grain yield and grain number per ear was obtained at pure corn plantation. With increasing sorghum density and interference periods grain yield decreased, and maximum corn yield loss was 38%, which occurred at the highest sorghum density and interference. Dry matter remobilization and contribution of stem reserves were significantly influenced by sorghum densities and interferences in corn grain yield. The highest contribution of dry matter remobilization and stem reserves to corn yield was obtained at maximum density and complete interference of sorghum. The least contribution of reserves was shown in pure corn plantation. This might be related to shading and competition between plants for light and other resources. 1112 Ggeneral Effects of Foliar Micronutrient Application on Osmotic Adjustments, Grain Yield and Yield Components in Sunflower (Alster cultivar) under Water Stress at Three Stages Babaeian M Haydari M Ghanbari A 1 1 2009 12 46 119 129 12 06 2010 In order to study the effects of foliar micronutrient application under water stress at three stages of growth on proline and carbohydrate concentrations, grain yield and yield components of sunflower (Alster cultivar), a field experiment in split plot design with three replications was conducted in 2007. Alster cultivar was considered under water stress at three stages of growth (heading, flowering and grain filling) as main plot and seven micronutrient treatments, Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn and Fe+Zn+Mn, as sub plots. Results showed, water stress at three stages of growth significantly decreased grain yield, biological yield, 1000 weight seeds, cap diameter and cap weight of sunflower (Alster cultivar). The impact of water stress was more pronounced when applied at grain filling. Use of foliar micronutrient increased grain yield in water stress. On the other hand, use of Mn foliar application had the highest positive effect on yield components and grain yield. Free proline and total soluble carbohydrate concentration were increased under water stress at all of the three stages of growth. The highest concentration of these two components was found on the flowering stage. Foliar micronutrient also increased accumulation of the two components. 1113 Ggeneral Detection of Traits Affecting Potato Yield under Drought Stress and Non-Stress Conditions by Multivariate Analyses Rabiei K KHodambashi M Rezaei A 1 1 2009 12 46 131 140 12 06 2010 Factor and principal component analyses are widely used in different sciences especially in agricultural science. To determine the factors that create variation between potato cultivars, in normal (non-stress) and water deficit (stress) conditions, two experiments were conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in summer 2002. Stepwise regression analysis showed that in normal conditions, stem length, number of stems/plant and leaflet width contributed significantly to yield. In stress condition, other than stem length and number of leaves/main stem, leaflet length also entered the model. As is evident, stem length had a detrimental effect on tuber yield in both stress and non-stress conditions. So, this trait could be used as an important criterion for the selection of high yielding genotypes. Principal component analysis revealed that number of stem, leaf length and leaf width were important traits creating variability between potato cultivars, especially number of stem that had high coefficients in the first principal for both environments. Factor analysis distinguished two factors in normal environment named leaf surface and structural attitude factors, and also two factors in stress environment called photosynthetic surface and structural attitude. Therefore, these factors should be intervened and attended to in breeding programs. 1114 Ggeneral Effects of NaCl Priming on Agronomical and Physiological Characters in Corn (single cross 704) under Salt Stress Conditions Salari B SHamsedin Said M Askarian Sardari A 1 1 2009 12 46 143 153 12 06 2010 In order to study the effect of NaCl priming on some agronomical and physiological traits of corn (single cross 704), an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Bahonar University of Kerman in 2005. The experimental design was completely randomized designs with 3 replications. Treatments were a combination of all different levels of two factors including salinity levels (1, 4, 8, 12, 16 dS/m) and salinity solution for NaCl priming (1, 4, 8, 12, 16 dS/m). Results showed that salinity and NaCl priming had significant effects on total emergence, mean time to emergence, root and stem length, number of leaf, relative water content, ion leakage and K+/Na+. Mean comparison showed that increasing salinity decreased all plant characteristics (with the exception of mean time to emergence and ion leakage) by %49.5, %33.49, %23.97, %18.64, %14.05 and %40.20, respectively. However, increasing salinity led to 1.2 and 1.3 increase in mean time to emergence and ion leakage of leaves, respectively. Mean comparison also showed that NaCl priming decreased negative effects of salt stress, and all mentioned traits under NaCl priming increased as compared with control. The results showed that NaCl priming is a useful method for increasing salt tolerance in corn plant. 1115 Ggeneral Investigation of Yield and Its Related Morphological Traits Responses in Wheat Genotypes under Drought Stress and Irrigation Conditions Ahmadi A Jodi M Tavakoli A Ranjbar M 1 1 2009 12 46 155 165 12 06 2010 The objective of this study was to evaluate some morphological characteristics associated with grain yield potential on 20 bread wheat cultivars under two irrigation and drought stress conditions. The experiments were conducted at Research Farm of Agriculture College, University of Tehran, Karaj during 2001-2003. Twenty bread wheat cultivars were planted as subplots within each irrigation main plots in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Drought stress was imposed at the end of flowering, and plants were re-watered when they showed signs of wilting, particularly during the morning. The results showed that the interactions between cultivars × year and cultivars × irrigation were significant for the grain yield. The cultivars showed significant differences in grain yield under drought stress condition in 2001-2003. Roshan, M-79-4 and Alvand in 2001-2002 and Azadi, Marvdasht and M-79-17 in 2002-2003 were most productive under drought stress condition, whereas C-79-12, MV-17 and Shahpasand in 2001-2002 and M-79-4, Roshan and Nicknajad in 2002-2003 performed visa versa. Correlation between grain yield and measured traits under irrigation condition was different from drought stress condition, suggesting that grain yield controlling mechanisms operate differently under these conditions. Drought stress caused a reduction in 1000 seed weight of cultivars. High 1000 seed weight and high grain number per ear were accompanied by high grain yield in drought stress and irrigation conditions, respectively. In the present study, clear relationship between grain yield and ear length was not observed. 1116 Ggeneral Study of Some Factors Influencing Embryogenesis and Maturation of Soybean (Glycine max) Somatic Embryos Ebrahimi M KHayam Nekoei S.M Kadkhodaei S 1 1 2009 12 46 167 176 12 06 2010 Somatic embryogenesis is affected by several factors. In this research project, we studied the effect of explant size, wounding and desiccation treatments on somatic embryogenesis and their conversion into plantlet among three genotypes of soybean. The explants were sampled from immature embryos of soybean in three different sizes (3, 5 & 7 mm) with wounding treatment on half of each, and then were cultured on the somatic embryogenesis medium. In order to determine desiccation effect on conversion amount of embryos into plantlets, the produced embryos were affected by three levels of desiccation treatments (2, 4 & 6 days). The increase ratio of callus mean weight, percentage of embryogenic calli, embryo number per explant and percentage of embryo conversion to plantlet were used for treatment evaluation. Variance analysis of the data showed significant differences (P<0.01) between treatments regarding the variables. The results indicated that BP was a superior genotype with embryogenic capability (24.19 %) and the best explant size for somatic embryogenesis was immature embryo with 3 mm length. The six day desiccation treatment caused highest percentage of embryo conversion into plantlet (74.7 %). Wounding increased callus production on explants and number of embryos per explant (20.28), but it did not show any significant effect on percentage of embryogenic calli. Germinated somatic embryos were transferred to pots containing peat-moss. Somatic embryogenesis is an efficient method for the plant regeneration and genetic transformation. However, this method still offers low percentages of plant regeneration, and is perhaps related to the maturation process and high morphological abnormalities of the matured embryos. This study aimed to find some solutions for soybean somatic embryogenesis problems. 1117 Ggeneral Effect of Irrigation Regimes and Fertilizer Combinations on Yield of Two Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars in Freidan Amiri Z Asghari J Penahi Kord aghari KH 1 1 2009 12 46 177 186 12 06 2010 In order to determine the potato cultivars responses to irrigation regimes and fertilizer combinations, an experiment was conducted on Fereidan Research Farm, Isfahan Province in 2003. The trial was designed as split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The cultivars (Arinda and Navita) were planted as main plots, and irrigated after 70, 140, 210 mm water evaporation from standard A pan surface that provided optimal watering, mild drought, and severe drought, respectively, as sub plots. Fertilizer combinations including of NPK + Zn, NPK+ Mn, NPK +Zn + Mn and NPK+ Manure were used as sub-sub plots. Results showed that the cultivar Arinda produced higher yield, mean tuber weight and total tuber number. By decreasing the amount of irrigation, the total yield and mean tuber weight were decreased. The highest amount of seed tubers (35-55 mm diameter) and marketable tuber sizes (diameter>35mm) and lowest amount of small size tuber numbers (diameter <35) were obtained in moderate drought. The use of NPK + Zn + Mn and NPK+ Manure produced the highest yield and mean tuber weight. Planting the cultivar Arinda with efficient irrigation is suggested in Isfahan province. Moderate drought is recommended for production of higher amount of seedy tubers. A combination of manure, Mn and Zn fertilizers are also suggested for potato farms of this district. 1118 Ggeneral Effect of Seedbed Preparation Methods on Grain Yield, Yield Components and Some Growth Indices of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) as a Second Crop in Paddy Fields Daneshvar ran Z Esfahani M Payman M Rabiei M Samie zadeh H 1 1 2009 12 46 189 202 12 06 2010 The effects of tillage methods and residual management on yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. CV. Hyola308) were evaluated after rice harvest. The experiment was carried out during 2004-2005 cropping season in a factorical arrangement of treatments at Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in Rasht, in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications. Treatments included tillage in three methods: a) conventional tillage b) minimum tillage, and c) no tillage, and rice residue management in two manners: a) removing residues, and b) not removing residues. Plant traits such as grain yield, oil percentage and yield, plant density, plant height, the lowest pody branch height from soil surface, number of pods per plant, plant and weed dry weight, leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) were measured. Results indicated that grain yield was affected by the tillage type. Also, the effect of tillage type on plant height, number of pods per plant, the lowest pody branch height from soil surface, and oil yield was significant. The effect of residual management and residual management interaction and tillage were significant on none of the traits except for weed dry weight. Economic analysis indicated that rapeseed planting in a field with rice residual and minimum tillage had a relative advantage of less production cost in spite of nearly 15 percent yield decrease compared to other methods. 1119 Ggeneral Thin Layer Drying of Routab (var. Kabkaab) to Tamar and Monitoring Its Quality Parameters Farahanaki A Mesbahi GH Askari H 1 1 2009 12 46 205 218 12 06 2010 Date fruit as a high calorie and valuable food source can be one of the main Iranian agricultural commodities for export, if properly processed and packed. The aim of this study was to process Kabkaab date variety from Routab (high moisture dates) to Tamar (known as dates or dry dates) using an industrial cabinet dryer. The Routab samples were dried using hot air at 56, 66, 76, 86 and 96 ˚C and changes in weight, moisture, pH, colour, texture and density of the dried samples were monitored. The results indicated that at 56 and 66 ˚C, drying rate was too low to be economic for an industrial process. At 86 and 96 ˚C the drying rate was high, although quality factors like colour was not acceptable. Therefore 76 ˚C is recommended as the best temperature for drying dates fruit. Moisture range of 24-27% (db) was the critical moisture level where a sharp decrease was observed in drying rate. Textural experiments of dates fruits with a wide range of moisture contents showed that above 30% moisture the hardness does not change with moisture level however, below 30% a small change in moisture can have a considerable impact on texture. 1120 Ggeneral Investigation of The Cryoprotective Effect of Pectin on Frozen Surimi Mousavi Nasab M Mesbahi GH Maghsodi L 1 1 2009 12 46 221 229 12 06 2010 Pectin is a hydrocolloid with different characteristics and applications. In this study, the cryoprotective effect of pectin on frozen surimi was investigated. In this research, Kapoor surimi was made for the first time in Iran. Surimi was mixed with 1% pectin solution with the ratio of 1 to 3 (w/v). Then, pectin-containing surimi samples and control samples were packaged, frozen and stored at -20oC. Water binding capacity (WBC), salt extractable protein and drip loss of samples were measured at after 0, 2 and 4 months of storage. The results showed that the loss of WBC in pectin-containing surimi and control samples was 20% and 58%, respectively, after 4 months storage at -20oC. It means pectin could improve the WBC up to 38% in the frozen product. The loss of SEP in pectin containing surimi samples was 21% and in control samples was 25% after 4 month frozen storage, indicating pectin was again effective in maintaining the quality of frozen products. Furthermore, the increase in drip loss in pectin containing surimi was about 7% and in control samples 37%. In this case pectin also helped to decrease the loss of water soluble nutrients. Overall, the results indicate that pectin as a cryoprotectant can improve the quality of frozen surimi. 1121 Ggeneral Effect of Post-Harvest Application of Calcium on Quality and Shelf Life of Strawberry Goodarzi F 1 1 2009 12 46 231 240 12 06 2010 Because of its tenderness, long distance between field and consumer locations and unsuitable condition of transportation, 30 – 40 percent of strawberry fruits is wasted during the transportation between field to markets. One of the recommended ways for cutting down the wastes of strawberry is application of calcium salts after harvest stage to increase the content of Ca2+ in fruit flesh. For this reason, the selected fruits were treated by immersing them in 0, 25, 50 and or 75 mmol/lit concentrations of CaSO4, CaCl2 or Ca(NO3)2 for 4 min. After drying in atmospheric tempetature, fruits were stored at 5°C for 5 and for 10 days. To evaluate the effect of calcium solutions on fruit quality, some quantitative and qualitative tests were carried out on them. The results showed that by increasing the concentration of calcium salts, the amount of acidity and calcium of fruits is significantly increased, but the percentage of mouldy fruits is decreased. In most cases, the 50 and 75 mmol /lit concentrations of CaSO4 showed similar effects. Among the different calcium solutions, Ca(NO3)2 had the best effect on improvement of fruit quality, such as increasing the calcium and firmness of fruit , but CaSo4 prohibited the moulding of fruits better than other solutions. By increasing the period of storage from 5 to 10 days, the amount of acidity and firmness decreased significantly, while mouldness percentage increased. The organoleptic test showed that when the concentration of CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 solutions is increased, the acceptability of treated samples is decreased by consumers. Because of the bitter taste, the least score was given to the samples treated by 75 mmol/lit concentration of Ca (NO3)2 solution. The panelists didn’t recognize any difference in taste between control and samples treated by 25 mmol/lit concentration of CaSO4 and CaCl2 solutions. None of the treatments showed initial attributes (tenderness and shape) of fruits after storage period. This method isn't recommended to increase the strawberrys' shelf life for home use, but it can be used for the ones which are to be consumed in food processing industries. 1122 Ggeneral Investigation and Measurement of Important Components in Dust and Three Kinds of Common Waste in Tea Factory Parsa F Azadi gonbad R Moghadam Dorodkhani A 1 1 2009 12 46 243 252 12 06 2010 Every year lots of waste will produce in factories from black tea. These waste will remain unusable or through away but only little amount will be used in industry. In this survey, important components of tea dust and three kinds common tea wastes was studied from 1382 to 1383. Four compounds (caffeine, protein, fiber and fluor) were extracted and measured separately from four samples of wastes (dust, fluff, footstalk and stalk) as experimental component. In three periods of plucking (spring, summery and autumn) from two kinds of arrangement (from curve and flat bushes). The experiment were conducted in four experimental components with replications and were analyzed with Duncan method. The results indicated that effects all of wastes, plucking periods and two kinds of arrangement (except effect of that on amount of caffeine) were significant on caffeine, protein, fiber and fluor whereas maximum amounts of caffeine, fluor and protein in dust but maximum amounts of fiber was in stalk and Effect of plucking period indicated maximum amount of fluor and caffeine in summer plucking and maximum amount of fiber and protein in autumn plucking and effect of plots indicated maximum amount of fiber in flat plot and maximum amount of fluor and protein in curve plot. 1162 Ggeneral Success Factors Evaluation of Women as Extension Help Agents in Isfahan Province Amini A Shahsavan M Zeinal Hamedani A 1 1 2009 12 46 250 270 20 06 2010 Women as extension help-agents could play an important role in rural extension programs. This study was aimed at evaluating the success of women as extension help-agents, and factors affecting their success in Isfahan province, Iran. The data was randomly collected from 156 extension help-agents, using Cochran formula. The validity and reliability of constructed questioners were checked, using Cronbach Alfa and K.M.O. criteria. The results showed that 6.5 percent of the agents gained a success score of more than or equal to the average score, 50.3 percent equal to the average score, and 43.2 percent gained less than the average success score. The Effective factors are categorized as the degree of their familiarity with the problems of the population, the degree of their involvement in extension-educational programs, and factors such as their access to rural libraries, financial and occupational background and contribution to community and team work. According to the regression analysis results, participation activities of the villagers, financial status of the help-agents and educational programs provide most influential factors for successful extension programs. 1123 Ggeneral Study of Isfahan Rural Cooperative Companies and Their Success Amini A.M 1 1 2009 12 46 273 288 12 06 2010 The main purpose of this research is to study the success of rural cooperative companies and evaluate different factors which may influence such a success. For this purpose, sample companies were randomly selected based on multistage and stratification sampling with proportional allocation method,. Finally, 18 rural co-operative companies were studied using questionnaires filled out by 328 ordinary members and 93 members of board of directors and managers of these rural co-operative companies. Inter-organization and intra-organization and structure variables which affected the companies performance and achievement were studied. The findings showed poor performance of these companies. According to the current research, some variables such as membership experience, co-operative structure, co-operative investment, enhancement of member share, education, participation and level of training, awareness (ability) of members have a direct influence on companies' success. The other factors involving function of rural co-operative organization, use of managers’ misuses and abuses in co-operatives have a direct, but negative influence. Share mean value of each member, management experience knowledge and age of people have also indirect positive effect on success and the size has indirect negative influence on co-operative companies . 1124 Ggeneral Effects of Pre- Chilling Process on The Quality of Muscle Lipid and Filling Media in Canned Common Kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris) Naseri M Rezai M Abasi M Jam S Hosseini H Sabzevari O 1 1 2009 12 46 291 300 12 06 2010 Common kilka were chilled during 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days to determine the influence of such storage times of fish over the quality of the final canned product. For this propose, common factors for determination of fish quality (moisture, total lipid, free fatty acid, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid and fatty acid profile) were selected and compared with the formation of fluorescence compounds in fish tissue and filling media of canned kilka. In this work common indices showed higher oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity of canned samples compared to raw material but the trend of deterioration with the increase of chilled storage time was not well shown. However, filling media fluorescence compounds was significantly increased with the increase of chilled storage time and the decrease of fish primary quality (P< 0.05). According to the present results, fluorescence detection of interaction compounds can provide a good technique to assess quality differences in the final product as its relates to the quality of the raw material used. 1125 Ggeneral Trend Analysis of Climatic Factors in Great Cities of Iran Sabohi R Soltani S 1 1 2009 12 46 303 321 12 06 2010 Climate change has important effects on earth environment and human life. Therefor, investigation and study of climate change is very essential. This study investigated rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and wind variability by analyzing data for annual and monthly climatic factors collected at 13 synoptic stations (industrial cities of Iran) by using Mann-Kendall test. The results of monthly rainfall trends showed that most of synoptic stations have significant positive and negative trends in winter and spring months. About 23% and 1.7% of stations have significant negative and positive trends, respectively, in annual trend of this factor. The results of monthly number of rainy days showed the major number of significant trends occurs in spring. In autumn (September, October and November) like as summer most of the stations have no significant trends. Analyzing the annual number of rainy days trends also showed that 4 stations have significant positive trends and 2 stations negative trends. Trend of greatest daily precipitation is low throughout the year, so there is not any significant trend in winter. Annual investigations confirm the seasonal investigations. The major number of significant trends in monthly mean maximum temperature occurs in summer but there are not any significant trends in winter and March. The trend of mean minimum temperature is approximately high in all of the seasons and the major number of significant trends occurs in summer and autumn and then in spring and ultimately in winter. In annual investigation, most of the stations showed positive trends and only Oroomieh station has negative trends. Trend of mean temperature is high except for winter. Most of the stations showed positive trend, indicating increasing trends in this factor. Annual studies vertify the positive trends and about 63% of stations have significant positive trends. 1126 Ggeneral Evaluation of Accuracy and Efficiency of USLE and Some of Its Versions in Estimation of Storm-Wise Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Sadeghi S.H Pourghasemi S.h Mohamadi M Agharazi H 1 1 2009 12 46 323 334 12 06 2010 The use of suitable empirical models for estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield is essential because of nonexistence or shortage of associated data in many watersheds. In the present study, the applicability of the USLE and its different versions Viz. MUSLE-S, AOF, MUSLT, MUSLE-E, USLE-M and AUSLE in estimation of storm-wise sediment yield from standard plots installed in dry farming, ploughed and rangeland treatments was evaluated. To conduct the study, the entire input data were collected from plots installed in three replicates in each treatment in Khosbijan Natural Resources Research Station in Arak Township. The models’ estimates were then compared with the observed sediment data for 12 storm events. Contrary to high correlation among different models’ estimates, the models used in estimation of measured sediment data were found inapplicable. However, significant relationship (r=94.4%) and non-significant relationship with correlation coefficients less than 50% were found between MUSLE-E, and MUSLE-S and MUSLE-E estimates and measured data in rangeland, dry farming and ploughed treatments, respectively. 1127 Ggeneral Application of Peak Over Threshold Model for Seasonal Low Flow Variation Analysis (Case Study:Halilroud River) Sarhadi A Soltani S Modaers R 1 1 2009 12 46 337 348 15 06 2010 Low flow estimation and its characteristics play an important role in hydrologic studies. However, some low flow events are ignored compared with the lowest annual low flow that may have high risk. These events are taken into consideration by the use of partial duration or peak over threshold models. In this study, a 7-day low flow was applied for frequency distribution and threshold, and the lower events were considered as the number of low flow event ( ) to study seasonal variation of low flows together with two graphical methods. The results showed two major low flow seasons, and for other times of the year, the low flow events are negligible. At last, the region was divided into homogeneous groups based on seasonal variation of low flows. 1128 Ggeneral Determination of Animal Unit Size and Animal Unit Requirement of Fashandy Sheep Breed Grazing on Rangelands (Case Study: Taleghan) Arzani H Mosayebi M Nikkhah A 1 1 2009 12 46 349 360 15 06 2010 Information on animal requirements for determination of rangeland grazing capacity is essential. Animal requirements depend on its live weight, age, physiological condition and quality of available forage. There are more than 20 sheep breeds with different body sizes grazing in various climatic zone's rangelands of Iran, so animal unit equivalent of each breed should be determined independently. In this research, live weight of animal unit of Fashandy sheep based on average live weight of 3 and 4 year old ewes was determined. Three herds with more than 100 Fashandy ewes among existing herds in Taleghan region were selected. In each herd, 15 three year old ewes, 15 four year old ewes, 5 three year old rams, and 5 four year old rams were selected. They were weighed three times including at the time of beginning of grazing in highlands, end of grazing season in highlands, and once in winter. In each herd, also 5 three month old lambs in the beginning of grazing season and 5 six month old lambs at the end of grazing season were weighed. The amount of daily forage requirement according to live weight and energy requirement of animal unit equivalent for maintenance condition was calculated using NRC (1985) tables and MAFF (1984) formula. It was multiplied by 1.5 because of mountainous condition of rangelands and distances from watering points and villages. The SAS statistical software was used for data analyses according to factorial experiment in the form of completely random design. According to the results, the live weight of animal unit of Fashandy breed was 60.7 Kg. The average live weight of 3 and 4 year old rams were 80.3 and 85.3 kg, respectively. Live weights of 3 and 6 month old lambs were 21.4 and 37.8 kg, respectively. Therefore, animal unit equivalents for rams, 3 and 6 month old lambs were 1.36, 0.35 and 0.62 respectively. According to NRC tables, daily metabolisable energy requirement was 13.8 Mj, and based on MAFF formula it was 11.8 Mj (including that multiplied by 1.5). 1129 Ggeneral Investigation of Damages Due to Forest Logging under Selection Cutting System on Stand and Regeneration Lotfalian M Majnonian B Rezvanfar M Parsakho A 1 1 2009 12 46 363 372 15 06 2010 In this research, the logging and wood extraction damages caused by wood and paper companies was investigated. The average volume per hectare of compartments 17 and 28 of Waston watershed and Compartment 7 of Alandan watershed was more than 150 cubic meters. So, these compartments were selected as the suitable research sites. The systematic randomized sampling method with 1000 m2 circular plots was used to assess the damages to residual stands and 100 m2 circular plots was used to assess the damages to regeneration. Sampling in skid trail was done with one hundred percent inventory method with a width of 12 meter. Results of this study indicated that 3.2 percent of regeneration was damaged in felling and bucking operations and 4.8 percent of regeneration was also damaged after winching and skidding operations. Most of these damages occurred for thicket stage. The felling and bucking operations damaged 13.6 percent of the residual stand. The amount of damage to the stand after skidding including the whole logging damages equals 15.5 percent. Unnecessary damages to stand and regeneration could have been avoided by selecting the best harvesting method, skidding practices, adequate incentives/disincentives and appropriate supervision. 1130 Ggeneral Landslide Hazard Susceptibility Mapping and its Evaluation Using The Fuzzy Operators Pourghasemi H Moradi H Mohammadi M Mahdavifar M 1 1 2009 12 46 375 390 15 06 2010 One of our first activities in natural resources management and development programs is to acquire knowledge on Landslide Susceptible areas. The aim of this research is landslide hazard zonation in some part of Haraz watershed between Vana village and Emam zadeh Ali, using fuzzy membership functions and fuzzy operators. At first landslide points were recognized using arial photography and field studies. Afterwards, the inventory map of landslide was prepared. Then, each effective element in landslide such as: slope, aspect, elevation, lithology, landuse, distance of road, distance of drainage, distance of fault and precipitation map was prepared in GIS environment.These data were saved in raster and vector format in ILWIS software and used for analysis with theory of fuzzy sets. Fuzzy analysis was made by IDRISI software, after assigning value and fuzzy membership functions. In this research we used different fuzzy operators such as (And, Or, Sum, Product and Gamma). Results showed Gamma fuzzy operator had the best accuracy ( ) in making landslide susceptibility map in study area. 1131 Ggeneral Optimizing The Application of SO2 in Apricot Drying Goodarzi F 1 1 2009 12 46 391 401 15 06 2010 To optimize the use of sulfur in drying of apricot, four following treatments including: sulfiting and drying, sulfiting- blanching and drying, blanching- sulfiting and drying, and finally sulfiting- drying to % 50 of initial moisture- blanching and finish drying were studied. The levels of sulfur addition were from 0 to 1500 ppm, SO2 and drying was carried out at 50 to 74 °C. The quality of dried apricots was judged by extent of browning development and hardness determination. A response surface statistical design was applied to evaluate the quality of slabs and to determine optimum drying conditions. The results showed that sulfite was the major factor in controlling dried apricot quality. At present of sulfur, the role of temperature can be neglected. The amount of used sulfite has no significant effect on drying time of apricots. Blanching reduced drying time of product significantly. By increasing the drying temperature, loss percentage of SO2 was reduced for all treatments. Blanching and then sulfiting, increased loss in residual sulfur of products significantly. Application of sulfiting– drying method, using 900 ppm of SO2 at 50 to 68 °C was found to be the best treatment because of production of slabs whit average hardness and color texture equal to 1.44 N/m2 and 0.07 Od respectively.