0 2476-3594 Isfahan University of Technology 3501 Ggeneral Evaluation of New Drought Index of SPDI (Standardized Palmer Drought Index) in Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province Saniesales F. b Soltani S. c Modarres R. d b 1. Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. c 1. Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. d 1. Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 1 12 28 04 2017 12 11 2017 Several indices are used for drought identification and quantification. In this paper, the new Standardized Palmer Drought index (SPDI) was introduced and then the drought condition of Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province was studied using this index. For this study, 11 synoptic, climatology, and evaporation meteorology stations were selected. Essential information in this investigation includes monthly temperature, monthly precipitation, and soil moisture measurement. To estimate SPDI, moisture departure, was first calculated on a monthly time scale. Then, converted to cumulative moisture departure values in different time scales including 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months. The best statistical distribution (GEV) was then fitted to cumulative departure. These values were then standardized to have the SPDI. The results showed that, as soil moisture affects SPDI estimation, it will be more valid for analyzing and monitoring drought conditions, especially for agricultural drought. Also, the results showed that 2000, 2001, and 2008 years were the driest time in this Province from 1988 to 2012. Moreover, drought frequency was found out in the western half of the Province more than in the other parts.
4012 Ggeneral Comparison and Evaluation of the Effects of Different Levels of Tape Drip Irrigation on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Two Local Behbahan and Shevin Sesame Varieties Salamati N. e Danaie A. f Behbahani L. g e 1. Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran. f 2. Seed and Plant lmprovement Department, Khuzestan. Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ahvaz, Iran. g 1. Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 13 24 18 04 2020 01 07 2020 To investigate and evaluate the effects of different levels of drip irrigation on grain yield and yield components, oil yield, seed oil percentage, and seed water use efficiency, an experiment was performed at Behbahan Agricultural Research Station during two crop years 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experiment was conducted in split plots based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The amount of water in tape drip irrigation was compared at four levels of 40, 60, 80, and 100% water requirement in main plots and two sesame cultivars Local of Behbahan and Shevin in subplots from the beginning of flowering. Comparison of mean interaction effects of irrigation levels and cultivars showed that the treatment of 100% water requirement in the Behbahan local cultivar with the yield of 1218.0 kg/ha was ranked first and foremost. Water consumption in the highest treatment (100% water requirement and Behbahan local cultivar) was calculated to be 5389.4 m3/ha. Treatments of 100% and 80% of water requirement in superior cultivar (local Behbahan) with water use efficiency of 0.226 and 0.210 kg/m3 had no significant difference, respectively, and were in the first place. Pearson correlation coefficient calculated for the measured traits showed that the highest correlation of water volume was calculated (r = 0.9271) with the weight of one thousand seeds. Significant correlations of water volume with grain yield and yield components indicated that sesame was susceptible to drought stress and attention to optimal water management in sesame cultivation. Therefore, decreasing the volume of water consumed and consequently drought stress in sesame reduced yield and yield components. 3910 Ggeneral Prediction of Local Alterations in the Relative Amounts of Temperature and Precipitation Caused by Climate Change in Near and Far Future, and Drought Investigation Using SPI and SPEI Indices in Qazvin Plain, Iran Banihashemi S. h Eslamian S. S. i Nazari B. j h 1. Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. i 1. Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. j 2. Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resourses, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 25 44 06 07 2019 28 07 2020 The upcoming climate change has become a serious concern for the human society. These changes, caused and aggravated by the industrial activities of the international community and the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, are seen as a threat to the food security and environment. Temperature change and precipitation are studied in the form of different probabilistic scenarios in order to have an outlook for the future. The present study was conducted to address the effects of climate changes on temperature and precipitation in Qazvin plain in the form of five AOGCMs including Hadcm3, CSIRO-MK3, GFDL, CGCM3 and MICROC3.2, and 3 greenhouse gas emission scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1, based on different possible scenario combinations in the next 30 years, 2021-2050 and 2051-2080 (near and far future). On basis of the study results, all 4 target stations, on average, will have experienced a change between two ratios of 0.5 and 1.4 of  the observed precipitation period  by the end of 2050, and the mean temperature will have had a change  between -0.1 to 1.6 °C, relative to the observed period.  By the end of 2080,  the  precipitation will also have fluctuated between the two proportions of 0.5 and 1.7 times of the observed precipitation period and the mean temperature will touch an increase between 0.6 and 2.6 °C. Both SPI and SPEI indices suggest the increment in the number of dry periods in the near and far future. However, the total number of negative sequences differed considering the 3, 12 and 24-month intervals at the stations level. Given the SPEI index, as compared to the base period, the total negative sequences of drought and number of dry periods will increase at 3 stations of Avaj, Bagh-Kowsar and Shahid-rajaei-powerhouse and decrease at Qazvin station in the future; however, SPI gives different results, such that  for Bagh-Kowsar, there will be an increase in both total negative sequences of drought and number of dry periods, as  compared to the baseline period; three other stations will have more dry periods, specifically, but less total negative sequences. The results reported that the drought events would become severe, and the wet events would become extreme in the future. 3971 Ggeneral Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Landsat and MODIS Land Surface Temperature Data Using FSDAF Algorithm Kaffash M. k Sanaei Nejad H. l k 1. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. l 1. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 45 62 28 12 2019 22 09 2020 Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important parameter in weather and climate systems. Satellite remote sensing is a unique way to estimate this important parameter. However, satellite products have either low spatial resolution or low temporal resolution that limits their potential use in various studies. In recent years, the use of Spatio-temporal fusion techniques to produce high resolution simultaneous spatial and temporal images has been extensively investigated. In this study, a Flexible Spatio-temporal Data Fusion (FSDAF) was used to produce Landsat-like LST images with Landsat spatial resolution and MODIS temporal resolution. The quantitative and qualitative validation of the images was performed by comparing them with the Actual Landsat LST images. The results showed that the FSDAF algorithm has high accuracy in estimating daily LST data both qualitatively and quantitatively. The RMSE and MAE parameters of the images produced compared to the actual Landsat images were 1.18 to 1.71 and 0.88 to 1.29°C, respectively. The correlation coefficient above 0.87 and bias between -0.6 to 1.45°C also confirms the high accuracy of the algorithm in estimating Landsat-like land surface temperature on a daily time scale. 3875 Ggeneral Comparison Methods of Determining the Degree of Hydrophobicity Based on the Measurement of Soil-Water Contact Angle Mousavi Zadeh Mojarad R m Tabatabaei S. H. n Nourmahnad N. o m 1. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari, Iran. n 1. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari, Iran. o 2. College of Agriculture, Payam Noor University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 63 75 27 04 2019 27 09 2020 The contact angle is a numerical index of differentiation between hydrophilic and hydrophobic soils. The objectives of this research are: 1) assessing different methods such as capillary rise, the molarity of ethanol droplet, repellency index, and sessile drop, and 2) Determining the most efficient method in a typical soil with sandy loam texture. In this study, hydrophobic soil was hydrophobized artificially using stearic acid and according to the water drop penetration time classification method. Calculated contact angles of hydrophilic soil with capillary rise method, the molarity of ethanol droplet method, repellency index (two methods of calculation), and sessile drop method were 89.9, 75.41, (57.81), 56.28, and 58.91, respectively. Using the contact angle measuring device, the contact angle of five hydrophobic levels were 58.91, 104.92, 120.48, 129.96, and 173.07, respectively. According to the precession of the device where the operator is capable to control data and processes and there is no limitation in usage, therefore, the sessile drop method is the most suitable method to measure contact angle. The contact angle of the late method and water drop penetration data are positively correlated (R2 = 0.975). 4016 Ggeneral Comparison of the Performance of ANN and SVM Methods in Rainfall-Runoff Process Modeling (Case Study: North Karun Watershed) Roshun S. H. p Shahedi K. Habibnejad Roshan M. Chormanski J. p 1. Watershed Management Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Mazandaran, Iran. 1. Watershed Management Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Mazandaran, Iran. 1. Watershed Management Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Mazandaran, Iran. 2. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. 1 9 2021 25 2 77 90 22 04 2020 28 09 2020 The simulation of the rainfall-runoff process in the watershed has particular importance for a better understanding of hydrologic issues, water resources management, river engineering, flood control structures, and flood storage. In this study, to simulate the rainfall-runoff process, rainfall and discharge data were used in the period 1997-2017. After data qualitative control, rainfall, and discharge delays were determined using the coefficients of autocorrelation, partial autocorrelation, and cross-correlation in R Studio software. Then, the effective parameters and the optimum combination were determined by the Gamma test method and used to implement the model under three different scenarios in MATLAB software. Gamma test results showed that today's precipitation parameters, precipitation of the previous day, discharge of the previous day, and discharge of two days ago have the greatest effect on the outflow of the basin. Also, the Pt Qt-1 and Pt Pt-1 Qt-1 Qt-2 Qt-3 combinations were selected as the most suitable input combinations for modeling. The results of the modeling showed that in the support vector machine model, the Radial Base kernel Function (RBF) has a better performance than multiple and linear kernels. Also, the performance of the Artificial Neural Network model (ANN) is better than the Support Vector Machine model (SVM) with Radial Base kernel Function (RBF). 4033 Ggeneral Numerical and experimental study of the combination of labyrinth weir with orifice and its effect on discharge coefficient Bahrebar A. R. Heidarnejad M. Masjedi A. R. Bordbar A. 1. Department of Water Science Engineering, Khouzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran., 2. Department of Water Science Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran. 2. Department of Water Science Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran. 2. Department of Water Science Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran. 2. Department of Water Science Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 91 105 05 06 2020 29 09 2020 The combination of a labyrinth weir with an orifice is a proper solution for floating material to pass over the weir and transfer sediment through the orifice. Additionally, creating a slot in the overflow wing leads to higher discharge. This study examined four discharges (5, 10, 15, and 20 liters per second) with channel width and height of 30 and 40 cm in trapezoidal-orifice, square-orifice, and triangular-orifice labyrinth weirs in the laboratory and using Flow3D with RNG k-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model, the results were compared with one another. Comparing the discharge flow over weirs and measuring the discharge coefficient among the mentioned models showed that the triangular-orifice labyrinth weir had the highest discharge rate. Moreover, the increased Ht/P ratio (Ht represents total hydraulic head; P denotes weir height) for all models resulted in the increased discharge coefficient. Due to the efficiency of this type of weirs, the highest discharge coefficient was obtained at low Ht/P ratios. At lower ratios, since there was free flow, the coefficient of weir discharge increased, and as the ratio increased, the weir was partially submerged. Furthermore, for the weir design, the best Ht/P ratio was between 0.13 to 0.41, and the maximum discharge coefficient (Cd = 1.2) was within this range. 4049 Ggeneral Investigation of the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flap Gates at the End of Trapezoidal Channels Moghtaderi A. Valizadegan E. 1. Department of Water Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Khoy Branch, Khoy, Iran. 1. Department of Water Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Khoy Branch, Khoy, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 107 118 18 07 2020 04 10 2020 In this study, the hydraulic characteristics of the flap gates are installed at the end of the trapezoidal channels were investigated by laboratory study. In the physical model, three trapezoidal channels and four gates with different weights were used (12 gates for three channels). Based on several experiments, equations for estimating of flow rate for each side slope (each channel) were developed using dimensional analysis. In this research, five forms of discharge-stage relationship were used to obtain relationships for each side slop to estimate flow rate, separately. The results show that none of the discharge-stage relationships forms as a single relationship for all flap gates in a certain channel are suitable for estimating discharge. But the first, second, and third forms of the discharge-stage relationship are very suitable for estimating the flow rate in a certain channel for a certain flap gate. In other words, for each gate with a specific weight, a separate (unique) relationship is obtained to estimate the flow rate in the form of the first to the third discharge-stage relationship in a certain channel. To estimate of flow rate by using the first form of the discharge-stage relationship, the maximum values of statistical parameters of RMSE, ME, and MARE, among all three channels, are 0.0001 m3/s, 0.00022 m3/s, and 0.22 percent, respectively. The values of all the above statistical parameters for the first, second, and third forms of the discharge-stage relationship are presented in the article. 4004 Ggeneral Investigating Carbonate Distribution in Particle Size Components of Some Soils of Khuzestan Province Jafari S. Karimzadeh M. Abdeshahi A. 1. Soil Science Department, Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan, Mollasani, Khouzestan, Iran. 1. Soil Science Department, Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan, Mollasani, Khouzestan, Iran. 2. Agricultural Economics Department, Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Khouzestan, Mollasani, Khouzestan, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 119 133 28 03 2020 19 10 2020 Characteristics of most soils in arid and semi-arid regions affected by carbonates. The study aimed to determine the distribution of carbonates in the size components of some soils in Khuzestan province. Upward to the bottom of Karun, Karkheh, and Jarahi rivers were studied at depths of 0-50, 50-100, and 150-100 cm. The results showed that the average amount of carbonates in the soils of the Jarahi river basin (37%) was significantly different from the amount in the soils of the other two rivers (33%). Carbonates were observed in all soil size components but the maximum was present in the clay component. The highest regression relationship between soil particles was in the clay component (0.375). The highest percentage of particle reduction after carbonate removal was related to coarse silt particles (0.75). Therefore, the soil texture changed from clay in Jarahi, from clay and silty clay in Karun, and silty clay in Karkheh due to the removal of carbonates to sandy loam. There was no significant difference in the distribution of carbonates at different depths for river soils and all studied soils. The relatively uniform distribution of carbonates in the four components studied in these soils from the surface to the depth showed that the carbonates originated from the parent material, namely alluvial flood sediments of these rivers. 4002 Ggeneral Effect of Upstream and Downstream Roughness on Scour Hole of Square Bridge Pile Kazemizadeh H. Saneie M. Haji kandi H. 1. Department of Water Civilis Engineering, NajafAbad Branch, Islamic Azad University, NajafAbad, Iran 1. Department of Water Civilis Engineering, NajafAbad Branch, Islamic Azad University, NajafAbad, Iran, 2. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Research Institute Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. 3. Department of Water Civilis Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 135 150 18 03 2020 28 10 2020 To prevent demolishing bridge piles due to developing the scour hole under the foundation of these piles some solution has been proposed in the literature. One of the important approaches could be installing different geometric of roughness at the downstream and upstream piles sections. This causes the downward flows which are performing the main role in developing scour holes to be marginally decreased. The present study explores the effect of geometric roughness and also, continuity and un-continuity of roughness length on maximum scour holes around bridge pile. Results indicate that due to increasing the length of roughness the developed scour holes were formed by less scour hole depths. Furthermore, continuity of roughness increases the scour hole depths; however, un-continuity causes the height of scour holes to be developed by fewer values. Also, the comparison shows that the length of installed roughness in maximum value is decreasing the scour hole depth constitute 34 percent. Based on the non-linear regression technique an equation has been proposed to predict the maximum scour hole due to different conditions. Comparison between experimental and proposed values shows that the accuracy of the proposed equation has an acceptable error which has been calculated less than 11 percent. 4028 Ggeneral Gully Erosion Mapping and Susceptibility Assessment Using Statistical and Probabilistic Methods Shirani K. 1. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources, Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 151 174 23 05 2020 28 10 2020 Delineation of gully erosion susceptible areas by using statistical models, as well as optimum usage of existing data and information with the least time and cost and more precision, is important. The main objective of this study is to determine the areas accuracy to gully erosion and susceptibility mapping by using data mining of the bivariate Dempster-Shafer, linear multivariate statistical methods and their integration in Semirom watershed, southern Isfahan province. First, the geographical location of a total of 156 randomly gullies were mapped using preliminary reports, satellite imagery interpretation and field survey. In the next step, 14 conditioning parameters of the gullies in the study area were selected including the topographic, geomorphometric, environmental, and hydrologic parameters using the regional environmental characteristics and the multicollinearity test for modeling. Then, the Dempster-Shafer statistical, linear regression, and ensembled methods were developed using 70% of the identified gullies and 14 effective parameters as dependent and independent variables, respectively. The remaining 30% of the gully distribution dataset were used for validation. The results of the multivariate regression model showed that land use, slope and distance to drainage network parameters have the most significant relation to gully occurrence. The gully erosion susceptibility maps were prepared by individual and ensemble methods and they were divided to 5 classes of very low to very high rate. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to validate gully erosion susceptibly maps. The verification results showed that the AUC of ensemble method (0.948) is higher than Dempster-Shafer (0.924) and Multivariate regression (0.864) methods. Also, the the seed core area index (SCAI) value of the ensembled model from very low to very high susceptible classes have a decreasing trend that indicating a proper separation of susceptible classes by this model. 4015 Ggeneral Relationship of Some Climatic Parameters to the Dust Deposition Trend in the Western and Eastern Half of Tehran Metropolis Ariapak S. S. Jalalian A. Honarjoo N. 1. Department of Soil Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 1. Department of Soil Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 1. Department of Soil Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 175 190 22 04 2020 28 10 2020 In this study, spatial-temporal variation of dust deposition rate in the western and eastern half of Tehran and its climatic parameters affecting were studied. At 34 points in the city, dust samples were collected by glass traps from the roof, for twelve months, and the climatic data were obtained and analyzed from relevant organizations. The highest deposition rate is in the western half of the city and its total amount has varied from 54.52 to 121.21 g/m2/y. In both halves of the city, summer has the highest dust deposition rate and its central areas have the highest amount. There were significant positive correlations between dust deposition rate with temperature and medium wind speed, and there were significant negative correlations between dust deposition rate with rainfall and relative humidity in all months, which justifies the high dust deposition rate in the dry seasons of the year. The results of stepwise regression showed that rainfall was the most important factor affecting the dust deposition rate in both halves of the city. The city of Tehran has a special geographical location the presence of mountains like a barrier has prevented dust from leaving the city and the air inlet corridor of Tehran has faced problems due to the expansion of building construction and high-rise building. Other factors affecting the rate of dust deposition in this city, in addition to the distance from the main source of dust production, atmospheric parameters can be mentioned the existence of barren lands around the city, vegetation cover, construction operations, and traffic. 4005 Ggeneral Modeling of Biomass by Soil Parameters in Hir-Neur Rangelands, Ardabil Province Ghorbani A. Moameri M. Dadjou F. Andalibi L. 1. Department of Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili 1. Department of Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 1. Department of Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 191 202 28 03 2020 05 11 2020 The purpose of this study was to model biomass with soil parameters in Hir-Neur rangelands of Ardabil Province. Initially, considering the vegetation types and different classes of environmental factors, at the maximum vegetative growth stage, using one square meter plot, biomass was estimated by clipping and weighing method. For each transect, a soil sample was taken and transferred to the soil laboratory and the various parameters were measured by conventional methods. The relationship between soil factors and the rangeland biomass was analyzed and simulated using linear multiple regression. Among the measured soil factors, the Silt, EC, Ca, Ksoluble, OC, POC, pH, Mg, TNV, clay, P, and volumetric moisture had the highest effect and percentage of biomass forecast (p<0.01). The accuracy of the simulated maps was analyzed using RMSE criteria and for grasses, forbs, shrubs, and total biomass were equal to 0.81, 0.65, 0.34, and 0.46, respectively. The results of this study, not only point out the importance of soil factors on the biomass but also as a baseline data for managing rangelands, supply-demand, and carbon balance can be used in the current section. 3978 Ggeneral Equitable Allocation of Surface Water and Groundwater Resources in Foumanat Irrigation Area with Optimization Approach Janatrostami S. Salahi A. 1. Department of Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 1. Department of Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 203 217 11 01 2020 12 11 2020 Water allocation needs to adhere to the principles of efficiency, equity, and sustainability, but, equity usually is less considered. Foumanat irrigation area with five command areas is one of the three areas of Sefidroud irrigation and drainage network that more than 90% of it is covered by paddy fields. Since water plays a key role in paddy fields, the lack of uniform distribution of water resources throughout the irrigation area during the rice cultivation period causes irrigation water scarcity and severe damage to some irrigation areas. In this study, the equity of groundwater withdrawal and the received surface water from Sefidroud irrigation and drainage canals according to the shared water resources among Foumanat’s command areas were evaluated using the Gini coefficient. Therefore, a water allocation optimization model was developed to maximize the equity in the allocation of groundwater and surface water of canals according to the minimum current economic benefit in the command areas. The results showed that in optimum conditions, the equity of groundwater and surface water resources allocation was increased by 46.3% and 43.7%, respectively. The evaluation of the optimal allocation of available water resources also showed that the amounts of groundwater withdrawal and the received surface water from canals are distributed equally among command areas. 3967 Ggeneral An Investigation on Accuracy and Applicability of USLE Model in Estimation of Soil Loss in Elevated Mountainous Areas (Case Study: the Tibetan Plateau) Motamedi A. Galoie M. 1. Civil Engineering Department, Imam Khomeini International University, Buin Zahra Higher Education Center of Engineering and Technology, Iran. 2. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, International University of Imam Khomeini, Qazvin, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 219 236 22 12 2019 12 11 2020 The annual soil erosion in different regions of the world has been estimated using various empirical and numerical methods whose accuracy is very dependent on their utilized parameters. One of the most common methods in the evaluation of the mean annual soil erosion especially in sheet and furrow regions is the USLE method. In this relationship, almost all factors that normally affect the soil loss process such as land cover, slope, precipitation, soil type, and support practice parameter of soil have been employed but, in this research, it was shown that the accuracy of this method in mountainous areas covered by rock and snow is somewhat low. To do this, a part of the Tibet plateau in China, where observation soil loss data were available, was selected for investigation. To implement the numerical and analytical analysis, many maps including DEM, NDVI, orientation, soil type, mean monthly and annual precipitation for 30 years were collected. For increasing the accuracy of the model, the cover management parameter was extracted from high accuracy NDVI maps and all USLE parameters were calculated in ArcGIS. The final results were shown that the amount of annual soil loss which was estimated by the USLE method is more than the observed data which were collected by Chinese researchers. This is because the large areas of the study area are covered by lichen and snow where soil loss due to the erosion process is very low but these regions cannot be recognized from NDVI maps. Also, the analysis of the NDVI maps was shown that the relationships of Fu, Patil, and Sharma were not suitable for soil loss estimation in elevated mountainous areas. If the other relationships such as Lin, Zhu, and Durigon are used for the regions with a height of more than 5500 m, a new correction coefficient needs to be used for the C factor which was calculated as 0.2 for the study area. 4013 Ggeneral Evaluation of Experimental Models and Artificial Intelligence in Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration (Case Study: Boroujerd Station) Sabzevari Y. Saeidinia M. 1. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran. 1. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 237 253 20 04 2020 17 11 2020 The FAO Penman-Monteith is a baseline method to estimate reference evapotranspiration. In many cases, it is difficult to access all data, so replacing simpler models with ‎lower input data and appropriate accuracy is necessary. ‎ The purpose of this study is to investigate the capability of the experimental ‎models, gene expression programming, stepwise regression, and Bayesian network in estimating ‎reference evapotranspiration.‎ In this research, daily information of the Boroujerd synoptic station in the period of 1996 -2017 was used as model inputs. ‎Based on the correlation between input and output parameters, six input patterns were ‎determined for modeling. The results showed that the Kimberly-Penman model has the ‎best performance among the experimental models.‎ Gene expression programming with fourth pattern ‎‎and Default Model Operators (R2 = 0.98 and RMSE = 0.9), Bayesian Network with sixth pattern (R2=0.91 and RMSE = 1.01), and stepwise regression with sixth pattern have the most accurate patterns at R2 = 0.91 and RMSE = 0.9 in the ‎training stage.‎ Comparison of the performance of the three models showed that the gene expression ‎programming model was superior to the other two models with the Average Absolute Relative Error (AARE) of 0.12 and the Mean Ratio (MR) of 0.94.‎ The results showed that gene expression programming had an acceptable ability to estimate ‎reference evapotranspiration under the weather conditions of Boroujerd and could be introduced as a ‎suitable model.‎ 3988 Ggeneral Provide an Approach in Determining the Effective Factors in Crisis Management with Emphasis on Runoff Afshri H. Ghazavi R. Dokhani S. 1. Department of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Kashan University, Isfahan, Iran. 1. Department of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Kashan University, Isfahan, Iran. 1. Department of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Kashan University, Isfahan, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 255 267 09 02 2020 25 11 2020 Due to the limitation and scarcity of water supplies, it is essential to identify and reuse alternative water sources, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions according to environmental conditions. Reuse of runoff is an adaptive management philosophy and approach to balance efforts and provide sustainable water services and manage hazards. The present study is aimed to design a suitable model of water resource management with an emphasis on crisis management. In this study, indices and dimensions of the water resources management model were determined via the Delphi method (based on Schmidt, et al.). Delphi panel members were identified and selected in three stages using random sampling. The faculty members of water resources and watershed management university specializing and passive defense experts of water organization were selected as the Delphy panel members. Initially, panel members identified the most important effective items on water resources security, based on their inference of the model. Based on the first evaluation and after eliminating duplicates, 43 items remained. Finally, 36 items remained in the analyses, when the items with low and medium significance coefficients were eliminated. The final model of water resources management was approved by the expert opinion based on the crisis management approach. According to the results, designing rainwater collection and storage systems in different parts of the city and installing tanks for roof rainwater collection in each home were selected as the best approach in the critical condition (with an average grade of 4.94), whereas the installation of the sensors in different parts of water pipe with an average grade of 2.10 was ranked in the 33rd selection. Finally, the items identified by the Delphi panel were classified into four general indices: retrofit, safety, culture, and planning. In general, it is necessary for the officials of urban water resources, as well as crisis management, must prepare for crisis conditions as well as the correct, principled, and scientific use of available water resources to extract and store rainwater and runoff to use it in crises and disrupt the general water supply system. 3992 Ggeneral Climate Change Impacts on Climate-Agronomic Indicators of Wheat Growth in an Arid Region: A case study of Isfahan Province, Iran Motamedi M. Eshghizadeh H. R. Nematpour A. Gohari A. Safa B. 1. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 1. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 1. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 2. Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 3. Water for Food Global Institute, University of Nebraska at Lincoln NU. 1 9 2021 25 2 269 287 23 02 2020 25 11 2020 World climate change is an accepted important subject but its negative effects are severe in arid and semi-arid areas of Iran. So, in the present study, two climate scenarios including RCP 8.5 (critical scenario) and RCP 4.5 (moderate scenario) during 2020, 2030, and 2040 decades and their effects on temperature changes in the wheat growth period in five cities of Isfahan province including Isfahan, Najaf Abad, Chadegan, Burkhar, and Meimeh have been investigated. The survey of temperature changes during wheat growth in the next decades showed that Burkhar, Isfahan, Najaf Abad, Chadegan, and Meimeh, respectively will experience more days with a temperature higher than 30°C in 2020, 2030, and 2040 decades than the mean of two recent years (2017-2018). Furthermore, in comparison with present conditions, the most changes in the number of days with a temperature higher than 30°C in next decades climates (2020, 2030, and 2040 decades) will be in Burkhar, Meimeh, Chadegan, Najaf Abad, and Isfahan, respectively. The range of changes percent in the number of days higher than 30°C in next climate conditions rather than present condition will be varied between 5 percent (Isfahan) till 97 percent (Burkhar). The changes percent in all studied cities were more in RCP 8.5 than RCP 4.5. During wheat growth, the number of days less than zero°C will be less in Isfahan, Burkhar, and Meimeh while will be more in Najaf Abad and Chadegan. The evaporation- transpiration will be increased in the next decades during wheat growth. As a result, planning and using compatibility strategies for each city is important to guarantee wheat production. 3945 Ggeneral Determination of a Model to Predict Effluent COD of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor in Treating a Synthetic Municipal Wastewater for Agricultural and Irrigation Reuse Kolivand Z. Ghazimoradi Sh. kilanehei F. Naeini O. 1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. 1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. 1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. 2. Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 289 302 17 10 2019 09 01 2021 The reuse of treated wastewater in countries such as Iran that suffers from drought is considered an important challenge in water management programs. The application of modern wastewater treatment systems particularly attached growth systems, owing to the short time required for start-up, low land requirements, and the absence of problems associated with sludge handling may be a resolution. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) in treating synthetic municipal wastewater and selecting an appropriate model. In this way, a bench-scale reactor possessing an effective volume of 15 liters, and synthetic wastewater with influent COD of 500 mg/l (similar to typical municipal wastewater) has been used and the experiments with media filling percentages of 30%, 50%, and 70% and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4, 8, and 12 hours have been carried out. The observed data show that the optimum bulk density and hydraulic retention time are 50% and 4 hours, respectively. Also, the kinetic study of reactor performance indicates that Grau second-order model has better conformation with Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor results. In addition, a regression model for predicting effluent COD based on the filling percentage and retention time is presented. 4008 Ggeneral Assessment of Several Extractants for the Determination of Fe Availability to Corn (Zea mays L.) and its Critical Level in Some Calcareous Soils Motaghian H. Shirmohammadi M. Hosseinpur A. 1. Soil Science Department, Shahrekord University, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari, Iran. 1. Soil Science Department, Shahrekord University, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari, Iran. 1. Soil Science Department, Shahrekord University, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari, Iran. 1 9 2021 25 2 303 314 05 04 2020 28 02 2021 Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants and its deficiency occurs in calcareous soils. However, a suitable extractant for the estimation of plant-available Fe and its critical level in calcareous soils depends on the type of soil and plant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate several chemical extractants to estimate available Fe and its critical level for corn growing in calcareous soils from Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province. The amount of available Fe was measured by DTPA-TEA, AB-DTPA, 0.01 M calcium chloride, Mehlich IІ, and Mehlich ІІI extractants. At the end of the experiment, corn was harvested, and dry weight, Fe concentration in the plant, and the amount of Fe uptake by corn were determined. Extracted Fe had a significant correlation with all extractants used with maize indices. . The highest correlation coefficients were determined between the DTPA-TEA (0.32-0.94) and AB-DTPA (0.43–0.96) methods and the plant indices. The results of this research showed that the DTPA-TEA and AB-DTPA methods were the most suitable extractants for predicting available Fe content in these soils and the critical level of Fe extracted by these extractants was 2.81 and 3.67 mg kg-1.