Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Effect of Puddling Intensity on Soil Water Retention and the Amount of Water Required for Puddling in Three Soil Textures of Paddy Fields in Guilan Province
1
12
FA
S. Yousefi-Moghadam
N
S. F. Mousavi
mousavi@cc.iut.ac.ir
Y
B. Mostafazadeh-Fard
N
M. R. Yazdani
N
A. Hemmat
N
Puddling is the most common method of land preparation for lowland rice cultivation. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of various intensities of puddling on percolation rate, water retention by soil and the amount of water used for different puddling intensities in three dominant soil textures of paddy fields in Guilan province. Undisturbed soil samples were taken from 3 different soils including silty clay, clay loam and loam, with 3 replications. The soil samples were puddled by a laboratory apparatus with different intensities. The results showed that the low puddling intensity treatment caused a 29.3, 32.4 and 36% reduction of percolation rate in silty clay, silty loam and loam textures, respectively. Increasing puddling intensity from low to medium reduced percolation rate significantly, but high intensity was not effective. Soil moisture characteristic curves of all three soils showed that water retention was increased by puddling treatments. Water retention in silty clay was higher than the other two soils. The high intensity treatment needed more water than low intensity for puddling. Increasing puddling intensity from medium intensity to high intensity caused 15.4, 14.1 and 16.3% increase in the amount of water required for puddling in silty clay, silty loam and loam textures, respectively. Generally, in all the three studied soil textures, the amount of water used for high-intensity puddling was more than medium-intensity puddling, while it had no significant effect on water percolation rate and soil water retention.
Paddy fields, Water percolation, Tillage.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2301-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2301-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Simultaneous Estimation of Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Effective Porosity Using Intelligent Inverse Problem Approach
13
23
FA
S. Azizpour
N
P. Fathi
p.fathi@uok.ac.ir
Y
K. Nobakht-Vakili
N
Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (k) and effective porosity (f) are the most important parameters to simulate the processes associated with irrigation, drainage, hydrology, leaching and other agricultural and hydrological processes. Present methods to measure these parameters are often difficult, time consuming and costly. Therefore, a method which provides more accurate estimates of these parameters is essential and is considered inevitable. The purpose of this study was simultaneous estimation of k and f using approach inverse problem. In this study, analytical drainage model of Glover-Dam was used to simulate the inverse problem method. Also, genetic algorithm was used as an optimization technique for determination of optimal values of k and f. In order to measure the data required for calibration and evaluation of the proposed inverse problem model, a physical model was designed and constructed in the laboratory. The results showed that the proposed method is good for simultaneosly estimating simultaneous soil k and f. Also with variable f assumption, the prediction error of water table around the drainage was reduced significantly.
Analytical drainage model, Glover-Dam, Optimization, Water table.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2302-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2302-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Using Nonlinear Programming for Flood Routing and Comparing the Results with those of Dynamic Wave Hydraulic and Muskingum Hydrological Methods
23
31
FA
R. Ghobadian
r_ghobadian@razi.ac.ir
Y
M. Zare
N
S. M. Kashefipour
N
Development of precise and simple methods in flood simulation has greatly reduced financial damage and life loss. Various methods and procedures have been implemented based on Saint-Venant's one-dimensional equation governing unsteady flows. To simplify the solution for these flows, analytical and numerical methods have been used. In the present study, a new method that provides the optimal outcome is introduced using non-linear programming. Penalty function has also been used to convert nonlinear programming (NLP) constrained problems into unconstrained optimal issues. To verify the accuracy of decision variables, the study covered 60 cross-sections of Gharasu River and 25-year flood hydrographs. After determining the model correctness, the 50 and 100-year flood hydrograph were routed in 18 Kilometers. The results were statistically compared with hydraulic and Muskingum hydrological methods. To sum up the routed hydrographs introduced by NLP method were very close to the hydrographs produced by dynamic wave method. The R2 of calculated discharge of routed hydrograph by NLP and dynamic wave method were 0.948, 0.990, and 0.989, respectively, with the return period of 25, 50 and 100-year flood being 0.989. It can be concluded that NLP method is more accurate than Muskingum method, especially when predicting the peak discharge of flood hydrograph.
Flood routing, Nonlinear programming, Saint-Venant equations.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2303-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2303-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Evaluation of Deep Percolation Rates at a Transect of Paddy Fields During Crop Season
33
43
FA
S. M. Mousavi
mousavi_sm62@yahoo.com
Y
A. Hoshmand
N
S. Bromandnasab
N
M. Yazdani
N
The common method of irrigating rice in paddy fields of Iran, like most countries, is flooded irrigation. The water required in this method is too much. However, because of water shortage in recent years, and malfunctioning of irrigation systems, it is needed to use water in a reasonable way and increase water use efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to know water loss amounts at the paddy fields. The deep percolation (DP) was measured by closed- and open-bottom rings in 4 locations, and 7 sites at each location, of paddy fields in Somae-Sara city, Guilan province. These locations were selected on the base of different physiographic units. The average DP of these locations was also monitored during plant growth season. The measurements were performed twice a week. Results showed that the rate of DP varied during the season, and could take a positive or negative value. The most important factors of these variations were the lateral seepage (from surrounding rice fields) and the high perched groundwater table in paddy fields.
Rice, Deep percolation, Irrigation water, Perched groundwater table.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2304-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2304-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Evaluating the Effect of Fresh and Saline Water Irrigation Management on Hashemi Rice Yield
45
54
FA
M. Navabian
navabian@guilan.ac.ir
Y
M. Aghajani
N
In Guilan province, Sefidrud River, as the main source of irrigating rice in Guilan province, has been subjected to increasing salinity and a decreasing discharge because of decreasing in the volume of sefidrud dam, diverting water upstream and entering different sewages into the river. This research tries to determine optimum irrigation depth and intermittent periods in proportion to salinity resistance at different growth stages using optimization- simulation model. After calibration, Agro-hydrological SWAP model was used to simulate different growth stages of rice. Optimization results were obtained for managing fresh and saline intermittent water, 8-day intermittent period, for salinity of 0.747 dS/m in sensitive maturity stage and salinity of 3.36 dS/m in resistant vegetative, tiller and harvest growth stages. It is suggested that the depth of irrigation water be 1, 3, 3 and 5 cm for vegetative, tiller, maturity and harvest stages, respectively. Comparing managements of irrigation and saline based on the resistance of different growth stages to salinity and exploitation of irrigating water with a constant salinity during growth periods of the plant showed that irrigation management based on resistance of different growth periods of the plant to salinity causes rice yield to be improved by 23percent.
Optimization of irrigation regime, SWAP model, Intermittent management with fresh and saline water, Resistance of growth stages to salinity.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2305-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2305-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Effect of Mycorrhizae Fungi on Growth Indices and Grain Yield of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczk] Under Water Deficit Stress
57
68
FA
Y. Habibzadeh
N
M. R. Zardoshti
N
A. Pirzad
a.pirzad@urmia.ac.ir
Y
J. Jalilian
N
To evaluate effect of different irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and yield of mungbean NM92 [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczk], a field experiment was conducted in split plot arrangements using randomized complete block design (Irrigation after 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm evaporation from pan class A as main plots and mycorrhiza species, Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices and a non-inoculated treatment as sub-plots) with three replications at the Research field of Urmia university in 2009. Results showed that irrigation after 50mm evaporation from pan class A, and plant inoculated with G. intraradices produced the highest grain yield (1678.5 kg/ha and 1537.6 kg/ha, respectively), total dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. In Contrast, irrigation after 200 mm evaporation from class A pan and non-inoculated treatment produced the lowest grain yeild (1159.2 and 1301.9 kg/ha, respectively). Reducing the irrigation distance led to an increase in total dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. Despite lower grain yield in water deficit condition, AM fungi inoculation significantly reduced the effect of stress on grain yield. All inall, both mycorrhizae species significantly (P 0.05) increased the grain yield of mungbean under well-watered and water deficit conditions
Water deficit stress, Growth indices, Grain yield, Mungbean, Mycorrhizae.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2306-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2306-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Calculating Inlet Pressure for Multi-Outlet Horizontal Irrigation Laterals Considering Variable Outflow in Outlets
71
79
FA
S. H. Sadeghi
N
S. F. Mousavi
mousavi@cc.iut .ac.ir
Y
M. Heidarpour
N
Precise calculation of inlet pressure into sprinkler laterals is an important problem for proper distribution of uniformity. The adjusted average friction correction factor, FaAVG , provides the possibility of calculating the inlet pressure to mutli-outlet pressurized irrigation pipelines when the first outlet spacing from the pipe entrance is arbitrary. To investigate the effect of allowable head-loss in the lateral pipeline on inlet pressure, a new equation was developed for calculating this factor. A progression coefficient was assumed for variable discharge of the outlets. The results showed that though the inlet pressure of the lateral depends on the head loss between the outlets, it is negligible when more than 15 outlets are used. It was also concluded that when N is less than 15 and the ratio of distance between inlet and first outlet to outlet spacing is less than 1, the conventional approaches overestimate the inlet pressure. In this research, a new equation was also developed for Christiansen friction factor in which the first outlet is located at a fraction of outlet spacing. This new factor is dependent on the head loss between the first and last outlets, in addition to the number of outlets and the power of velocity equation. The results of applying this new factor showed good correlation with other researchers’ numerical results when a large number of outlets are coalesced.
Friction loss, Christiansen factor, Lateral, Sprinkler irrigation.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2307-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2307-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Status of Zinc and Cadmium in Paddy Soils and Rice in Isfahan, Fars and Khuzestan Provinces and their Effect on Food Security
81
93
FA
M. Pirzadeh
mahnaz.pirzadeh@gmail.com
Y
M. Afyuni
N
A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh
N
This study was carried out to investigate zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) concentration in paddy soil and rice grain produced in central and southwest Iran in relation to soil and plant factors, and their intake in peoples diet was also assessed. Rice crops and associated surface soils (0-30 cm) were collected from 136 fields in Isfahan, Fars and Khuzestan provinces. The result, showed the DTPA-Zn concentration in more than 50% of paddy soils was less than its critical deficiency concentration (2 mg kg-1). The grain Zn concentration in more than 54% of the rice samples was less than 20 mg kg-1. The measured Cd concentrations in paddy soils and edible part of rice exceeded the world health organization (WHO) value in more than 12% of the samples. By considering the average daily rice consumption of 110 g per capita, the Zn intake from rice consumption was estimated about 10% needed for female and male adult. Diet intake analysis did not indicate any excessive dietary intake of Cd when Cd mean of concentrations in rice grain was 0.04 mg/kg, but based on the results of risk analysis, it is more than safely level for contaminated rice.
Paddy soil, Rice, Zinc, Cadmium, Isfahan. Fars, Khuzestan.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2308-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2308-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Effects of Inorganic and Organic Fractions of Enriched Cow Manure and Sewage Sludge on Distribution of Lead Chemical Fractionation in Soil
95
106
FA
A. H. Baghaie
ambaghaie@yahoo.com
Y
A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh
N
M. Afyuni
N
Cow manure and sewage sludge add heavy metals to soil. Organic and inorganic fractions in these compounds can immobilize heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and affect their bio-availability. This investigation was conducted to compare the effects of organic and inorganic fractions of sewage sludge and cow manure on distribution of lead chemical forms in soil as a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of application of 10% (w/w) enriched sewage sludge and cow manure (6 g Pb kg-1 organic amendments). Another treatment was also used in which soil Pb concentration was increased to 600 mg kg-1 soil using Pb(NO3)2 salt. To compare the effects of organic and inorganic fractions, organic carbon, iron oxide and easily reducible iron and manganese were removed from cow manure and sewage sludge, and were added to the soil by 10% (w/w). The samples were incubated at 23-25ºC for 111 days and their moisture was maintained at 80% water field capacity. More than 50% Pb in Pb(NO3)2 treatment was in exchangeable fraction, while for cow manure and sewage sludge treatments more than 40% Pb was found to be in oxide fraction. Application of cow manure and sewage sludge increased the Pb in oxide fraction by 14.8 and 17.5%, respectively. Removing organic carbon fraction of cow manure and sewage sludge increased the Pb bound to residual fraction by 12% and 14% respectively. Removing iron oxide fraction of sewage sludge and cow manure decreased the Pb bound to oxide fraction by 8% and 13%, respectively. Removing easily reducible iron and manganese decreased the oxide fraction of Pb by 16% and 14%, respectively. It is concluded that, despite relatively high amounts of organic carbon in the sludge and manure, inorganic fractions of these materials have more significant effects on availability of Pb in soil.
Lead, Cow manure, Sewage sludge, Immobilization.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2309-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2309-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Comparison of Artificial Neural Networks and Regression Pedotransfer Functions for Predicting Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Soils of Khuzestan Province
107
118
FA
R. Rezae Arshad
N
GH. Sayyad
gsayyad@scu.ac.ir
Y
*, M. Mazloom
N
M. Shorafa
N
A. Jafarnejady
N
Direct measurement of soil hydraulic characteristics is costly and time-consuming. Also, the method is partly unreliable due to soil heterogeneity and laboratory errors. Instead, soil hydraulic characteristics can be predicted using readily available data such as soil texture and bulk density using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and statistical regression are two methods which are used to develop PTFs. In this study, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network and backward and stepwise regression models were used to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity using some soil characteristics including the percentage of particle size distribution, porosity, and bulk density. Data of 125 soil profiles were collected from the reports of basic soil science and land reclamation studies conducted by Khuzestan Water and Power Organization. The results showed that MLP neural network having Bayesian training algorithm with the greater coefficient of determination (R2=0.65) and the lower error (RMSE =0.04) had better performance than multiple linear regression model in predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Soil hydraulic characteristics, Pedotransfer functions, Neural network, Regression models.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2310-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2310-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Tillage Effects on Wheat Yield and Soil Water Content and Bulk Density in Dryland Wheat -Fallow Rotation, in Maragheh
119
128
FA
J. Asghari Meidani
N
E. Karimi
sm_ka80@yahoo.com
Y
S. B. Mousavi
N
This study was conducted to study and compare the effects of different tillage systems on soil physical properties and wheat yield in dryland conditions. The experiment was carried out in Maragheh Dryland Research Station with 5 treatments and 4 replications based on RCBD for 3 years (2001-2003). The results showed that difference between the treatments in terms of wheat yield was significant, and stubble chopping and chisel plow tillage in fall + sweep in spring + seed drill planting had the maximum yield (i.e. 1452 kg/ha), lower value for yield (1.077kg/ha) blonged to T1 treatment. Also the results showed that spike/plant and spike length were the main characters in yield increase. For the soil bulk density and water content, the difference between treatments was significant and in planting and flowering stages stubble chopping and chisel plow in fall + sweep in spring + planting by seed drill had the highest soil water content and the lowest bulk density
Tillage, Soil water content, Wheat-fallow rotation, Dryland condition.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2311-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2311-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Evaluating of Efficiency of Three Halophyte Plants for Reduction of Soil Exchangeable Sodium (ESP) and Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Contamination
131
143
FA
R. Hamzenejad Taghlidabad
N
H. Khodaverdiloo
h.khodaverdiloo@urmia.ac.ir
Y
S. Rezapour
N
SH. Manafi
N
Soil contamination with heavy metals, including Cd and Pb, is of serious concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Atriplex verucifera, Salicornia europaea and Chenopodium album for simultaneous remediation of soil exchangeable sodium percentage and Cd and Pb contamination in two soils with different properties. Two soils, including a saline-sodic-calcareous (S1) and calcareous (S2) soil, were selected. Different concentrations of Pb and Cd were then added to the soils. The contaminated soils were incubated under a wetting-drying cycle for nearly seven months. The plants, seeds were grown in pots containing different treatments of polluted soils and in control treatment (no Cd and Pb contaminations). The plant yields and concentrations of Pb, Cd and Na in the soil and plant samples were measured. A considerable accumulation of soil Cd by Salicornia and Pb accumulation by Atriplex and Salicornia was observed under unsuitable conditions of the saline-sodic soil, whereas Atriplex and Chenopodium had high capability for Cd in the soil S2. Also these plants caused the reduction of ESP in soil S1. The results revealed that these plants could be used for remediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soils. In this study, Salicornia with lower rate of yield reduction had the highest tolerance to Cd-stress. Understanding the complex plant and soil (salinity-sodicity and soil metal concentration) factors controlling the metals concentrations in the plants will help to design phytoextraction technology for arid, salt-affected regions.
Atriplex, Salicornia, Lead (Pb), Chenopodium Album, Cadmium (Cd), halophyte plants
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2312-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2312-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Estimation of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Inverse of Macroscopic Capillary Length Using PTFs
145
157
FA
SH. Ghorbani Dashtaki
shoja2002@yahoo.com
Y
S. Dehghani Baniani
N
H. Khodaverdiloo
N
J. Mohammadi
N
B. Khalilmoghaddam
N
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) and macroscopic capillary length of soil pores are important hydraulic properties for water flow and solute transport modeling. Measuring these parameters is tedious, time consuming and expensive. One way is using indirect methods such as Pedotransfer functions (PTFs). The objective of this research was to develop some PTFs for estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity and inverse of macroscopic capillary length parameters (*). Therefore, the coefficients, Kfs and * from 60 points of Azadegan plain in Shahrekord were measured using single ring and multiple constant head method. Also, some of the readily available soil parameters from the two first pedogenic layers of the soils were obtained. Then, the desired PTFs were developed using stepwise multiple linear regression. The accuracy and reliability of the derived PTFs were evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), mean error (ME), relative error (RE) and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The highest correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.72 were found between Kfs-bulk density and *-bulk density, respectively. There was no significant correlation between soil particle size distribution and Kfs and *. This can be related to the fact that most of the soil samples were similar in texture and macro pores. The most efficient PTFs in predicting Kfs and * could explain 85 and 66 percent of the variability of these parameters, respectively. All the derived PTFs underestimated the Kfs and * parameters.
Infiltration, Inverse of macroscopic capillary length, Pedotransfer functions, Saturated hydraulic conductivity.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2317-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2317-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Water Quality Effect on Plant-Available Water and Pore Size Distribution of Two Texturally-Different Calcareous Soils
159
173
FA
M. Khatar
N
M. R. Mosaddeghi
mosaddeghi@cc.iut.ac.ir
Y
A. A. Mahboubi
N
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of water salinity and sodicity on pore size distribution and plant-available water of two clay and sandy clay loam calcareous soils. All combinations of water EC values of 0.5, 2, 4 and 8 dS m-1 and SAR values of 1, 5, 13 and 18 (in total 16 solutions) were used to wet and dry the soil samples for five cycles. Then, water retention of the soil cores was measured at matric suctions of 0 (θs), 10 (θ10) 100 or 300 cm (θFC) and 15000 cm (θPWP). The following quantities were calculated: the difference between θ100 or θ300 and θ15000 considered as available water contrent, the θs and θ10 as macrorosity, the θ10 and θ100 as mesoporosity, and the θ100 as microrosity. The initial porosity of both soils was similar, but the greater values of pore indices and θFC, θPWP and AWC were measured in the clay soil due to clay swelling. As water EC increased, mesopores were destructed and altered to macropores and micropores. Salinity altered the mesopores into macropores due to contraction of diffuse double layer and particle’s flocculation and consequently decreased the θFC, and created new micropores which were responsible for the higher value of θPWP. These trends ultimately diminished the AWC. As water SAR increased, mesopores were destructed and altered to micropores but it did not significantly affect the macropores. With increment of SAR, both θFC and θPWP increased due to structural distruption clay swelling and dispersion resulting in increased adsorptive and interlayer surfaces. The increasing effect of SAR on θPWP was greater and more distinct so that AWC was reduced. As a result, high values of SAR of irrigation water decreased the soil available water to plants besides its toxicity and hazardous effect on plants. With increment of irrigation water salinity, the destructive impacts of SAR diminished. The influence of water quality on water retention was pronounced for the clay soil.
Soil porosity, Water quality, Field capacity, Permanent wilting point, Available water content, Diffuse double layer
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2318-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2318-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
The Effect of Using Urban Wastewater of ShahreKord on Growth, Yield and Accumulation of Lead and Cadmium in Medicinal Plant Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)
173
185
FA
H. Alinezhad Jahromi
h.alinezhad66@gmail.com
Y
A. Mohammadkhani
N
M. H. Salehi
N
Nowadays, due to drought and water shortage, use of unconventional waters, particularly sewage, has become usual in agriculture whereas they often contain heavy metals. The present study was employed to evaluate the effect of urban wastewater of Shahrekord on growth, yield and accumulation of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in balm (Melissa officinalis) as a medicinal plant with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent wastewater) and three replications in a completely randomized experimental design. The results showed that the highest shoot length, stem diameter and stem number, number of leaves and tillers are achieved in the treatment of 100 percent. The wet and dry weight of shoots and roots was highest in 100 % of wastewater. Oil percentage of the leaves was also the highest amount (1.23 %) in 100 % of wastewater. Accumulation of lead in roots and aerial parts and its transmission factor was not significant for the treatments. However, the highest concentration of lead in root (0.057 mg/kg) and shoots (0.013 mg/kg) was observed in 100 % of wastewater and the lowest one was related to zero percent of wastewater treatment. The lead concentration was less than the critical limit for all the treatments. The amount of cadmium was undetectable in all the plant samples. The results of this study demonstrated that urban wastewater of Shahrekord, in addition to providing water, increases plant growth and essential oil.
Wastewater, Irrigation, Balm, Growth, Essential oil, Lead and cadmium
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2319-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2319-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Effect of Application of Compost and Vermicompost Enriched with Chemical Fertilizer and Manure on Some Biological Indicators of Soil Quality of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Rhizosphere
187
197
FA
H. Dehghan-Menshadi
dehghan63m@yahoo.com
Y
M. A. Bahmanyar
N
S. Salek Gilani
N
A. Lakzian
N
Biological indicators are considered soil quality elements, due to their dependence on soil organisms. In order to investigate The effect of compost and vermicompost enriched by chemical fertilizers and manure on soil organic carbon, microbial respiration, and enzymes activity in basil plant's rhizosphere, a field experiment was conducted as a split-plot design with randomized complete blocks and three replications in 2006. The main plot involved six levels of fertilizer including: 20 and 40 tons of compost enriched, 20 and 40 tons of vermicompost enriched per hectare, chemical fertilizer and control without fertilizer and sub-plot, and period of application (two, three and four years). The results showed that application of compost and vermicompost at all levels increased soil organic carbon (OC) and soil microbial respiration, microbial biomass and urease activity compared to the controls (p<0.05), but increasing trend among the treatments was not similar. The maximum amounts of OC, soil microbial respiration and enzyme activity were observed in 40 tons of vermicompost enriched with chemical fertilizer ha-1 with four years of application. In high levels of compost application, the urease activity was decreased.
Chemical fertilizers, Organic fertilizers, Soil microbial respiration, Microbial biomass, Urease activity
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2320-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2320-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Effect of Soil Copper and Salinity on Growth and Chemical Composition of Two Pistachio Cultivars
199
213
FA
S. Eskandari
N
V. Mozafari
vmozafary@yahoo.com
Y
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil copper (Cu) and salinity on growth and chemical composition of two pistachio cultivars. A factorial experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four Cu levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg Kg-1soil as CuSO4.2H2O), five salinity levels (0, 800, 1600, 2400, and 3200 mg NaCl Kg-1 soil) and two pistachio cultivars (Badami-e-Zarand and Ghazvini). Results showed that salinity significantly decreased growth parameters. Application of 3200 mg NaCl Kg-1 soil decreased shoot and root dry weights, leaf area and stem height by 67, 72, 45 and 76 % respectively. Application of 7.5 mg Cu Kg-1 soil increased shoot dry weight and leaf area by 24 and 26% respectively. Morever, there was no significant difference between growth parameters of two pistachio cultivars, except for leaf area index. Salinity stress significantly decreased shoot and root P, k and Cu total uptake, and increased that of Na and Cl. Application of 5 mg Cu Kg-1 soil significantly increased shoot Cu uptake. Since total uptake of all elements for Badami cultivar was significantly higher than the Ghazvini, it could be concluded that the latter cultivar is probably more resistant to the saline conditions.
Salinity, Pistachio, Copper, Growth.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2321-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2321-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Interaction of Treated Urban Effluent and Nitrogen on Soil Chemical Characteristics in Sweet Corn
215
225
FA
M. J. Fereidooni
fereidooni2010@yahoo.com
Y
H. Farajee
N
H. R. Owliaie
N
E. Adhami
N
Effect of urban sewage and nitrogen on soil chemical characteristics in sweet corn was evaluated in Yasouj region at 2009. Five irrigation treatments were managed common water during entire period of growing season as control (I1) urban sewage during the first half of growing season (I2) urban sewage during the second half of growing season (I3) alternate urban sewage and common water (I4) and urban sewage during entire period of growing season (I5) and three nitrogen rates (N0=0, N80= 80 and N160=160 kg N ha-1) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that the soil N, P and K concentrations in treatment I5 had a significant difference compared to the other irrigation treatments. Irrigation levels were also exhibited a significant difference in soil organic matter and EC. Maximum and minimum of soil organic matter were observed in I5 (%0.45) and in I1 (%0.33), respectively. Maximum and minimum of soil EC were found in I5 (2.0 dsm-1) and in I1 (1.4 dsm-1), respectively. Irrigation treatments did not show a significant change in soil pH. The effect of irrigation and interaction between irrigation treatments and nitrogen rates were not significant on available forms of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in soil. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer was significant on soil N content. Maximum (%0.034) and minimum (%0.030) of soil nitrogen were noticed in N160 and N0, respectively.
Treated urban effluent, Sweet corn, Yield, Nutrient elements, Nitrogen.
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2322-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2322-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
Sediment Sources Fingerprinting: Relation between Enzyme Activities in Soil and Sediment
227
237
FA
K. Nosrati
k_nosrati@sbu.ac.ir
Y
H. Ahmadi
N
F. Sharifi
N
Sediment sources fingerprinting is needed as an autonomous tool for erosion prediction, validation of soil erosion models, monitoring of sediment budget and consequently for selecting soil conservation practices and sediment control methods at the catchment scale. Apportioning of eroded-soil into multiple sources using natural tracers is an integrated approach in soil erosion and sediment studies. The objectives of this study, as a first work, are to assess spatial variations of biochemical tracers and theirs validation in discriminating sediment sources under different land uses and water erosions at catchment scale and to apply them as fingerprints to determine relative contributions of sediment sources in Zidasht catchment, Iran. In view of this, 4 enzyme activities as biochemical tracers were measured in 42 different sampling sites from four sediment sources and 14 sediment samples. The results of discriminant function analysis (DFA) provided an optimum composite of two tracers, i.e. urease and dehydrogenase that afforded more than 92% correct assignations in discriminating between the sediment sources in the study area. Sediment source fingerprinting model was used based on optimum composite of two tracers resulting from DFA to explore the contributions of sediment from the four sources. The results showed that the relative contributions from rangeland/surface erosion, crop field/surface erosion, stream bank and dry-land farming/surface erosion sources were 11.3±5.3, 8.1±3.8, 75±8.5 and 3.6±2.5, respectively. Therefore, we can conclude that fingerprinting using biochemical tracers may help develop sediment fingerprinting models and as a first step facilitate a more complete tool for fingerprinting approach in the future.
Sediment fingerprinting, Biochemical tracers, Mixing model, Zidasht catchment
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2323-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2323-en.pdf
Isfahan University of Technology
JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology
2476-3594
2476-5554
16
60
2012
7
1
An Investigation in to Spatial Structure of Soil Characteristics in a Beech Forest Stand Using Geostatistical Approach
239
251
FA
Y. Kooch
yahya.kooch@yahoo.com
Y
S. M. Hosseini
N
J. Mohammadi
N
S. M. Hojjati
N
To investigate spatial variability of soil characteristics in the most valuble forest stands in the northern Iran using geostatistical approach, a twenty hectare area in Experimental Forest Station of Tarbiat Modares University was considered. Soil samples were taken from pits, mounds, canopy gaps, under single trees and closed canopy positions at 0 - 15, 15 - 30 and 30 - 45 cm depths using core soil sampler (81cm2 cross section). pH and organic matter were measured in the laboratory, and then carbons to nitrogen ratio and carbon sequestration were calculated. Spatial variability for soil characteristics revealed anisotropic variogram due to the same variability of surface variogram in different depths. pH in all the depths and carbon sequestration in 30 - 45cm depth showed exponential model whereas the other soil characteristics resulted in a linear model in different layers. The results of spatial structure showed pH with medium structure in all the depths, organic matter and carbon to nitrogen ratio with pure nugget effect (non structure), carbon sequestration in 0 - 30cm depth with weak structure and 30 - 45cm depth with medium spatial structure.
Carbon sequestration, Variogram, Soil diversity, Natural forest
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2324-en.html
http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2324-en.pdf