@article{ author = {TorabiFarsani, B. and Afyuni, M.}, title = {Effect of Urban Waste Compost Leachate on the Soil Physical, Hydraulic, Moisture Characteristics and Corn Yield}, abstract ={Compost leachate is a liquid resulting from physical, chemical and biological decomposition of organic materials. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of leachate compost on the physical, hydraulic and soil moisture characteristic curves. Also, the effect of leachate on the aerial organ fresh weight of corn was investigated. Leachate was added to clay loam and sandy clay loam soils at the rate of zero, 1.25 and 2.5 weight percent. The soil water characteristic curve and the estimation of the parameters of the van Gnuchten and Brooks and Corey models were performed using RETC software. Leachate increased the bulk density and decreased the available water of the clay loam soil. Only 1.25% of the leachate increased the available water in the sandy clay loam soil. Two levels of leachate decreased the bulk density of sandy clay loam soil. Leachate decreased the saturation hydraulic conductivity of the clay loam and increased this parameter of sandy clay loam soil. Leachate was more successful in increasing the aerial organ fresh weight of corn in the sandy clay loam soil. Therefore, leachate was more useful in sandy clay loam than in clay loam soil, and 1.25% treatment was better in the sandy clay loam soil. Also, the used leachate increased the repellency of both soils. Leachate caused the parameters of van Gnuchten and Brooks and Corey models to increase, as compared to the control in both soils.  }, Keywords = {Compost leachate, Soil moisture characteristic curve, Bulk density, Available water, Saturated hydraulic conductivity.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.40251}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3794-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3794-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Alizadeh, F. and Nasrolahi, A. H. and Saeedinia, M. and Sharifipour, M.}, title = {Effect of Supplementary Irrigation at Different Growth Stages on the Yield and Water Productivity of Autumn Rapeseed Cultivar Rohan (Khorramabad)}, abstract ={In areas with high rainfall distribution, proper irrigation management, including complementary irrigation, is one of the effective strategies to increase crop production. In order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation in different growth stages on the yield and water productivity of Autumn rapeseed, an experiment in the form of a complete randomized block design with five irrigation management treatments including rainfed (I1), single irrigation at flowering stage (I2), single Irrigation at pod filling stage (I3), two irrigation at pod filling stage and flowering (I4), three irrigation at flowering,  and pod filling and grain Filling stages (I5) was carried out at Lorestan University Research Field. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the effects of different irrigation treatments at 1% level. The lowest grain yield, biological yield and oil yield were obtained in I1 treatment with 44.62%, 50.95% and 53.58% decrease, as compared to I5 treatment. The results also showed that by applying irrigation at pod filling stage, grain yield and oil yield were increased by 13.22% and 20.23%, as compared to I1 treatment. The highest total productivity for the grain yield and oil yield was obtained in I5 treatment with 0.252 and 0.073 kg / m3. In general, due to the fact that drought stress in rapeseed calving stages reduces yield, the higher the number of irrigations in rapeseed calving stages, the more the yield.}, Keywords = {Single irrigation, Oil yield, Biological yield, Water stress}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-26}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.40693}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3979-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3979-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hayati, F. and Rajabi, A. and Izadbakhsh, M. and Shabanlou, S.}, title = {Optimization of Gene Expression Programming Model using Wavelet Transform for Simulating Long-term Rainfall in Anzali City}, abstract ={Due to drought and climate change, estimation and prediction of rainfall is quite important in various areas all over the world. In this study, a novel artificial intelligence (AI) technique (WGEP) was developed to model long-term rainfall (67 years period) in Anzali city for the first time. This model was combined using Wavelet Transform (WT) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) model. Firstly, the most optimized member of wavelet families was chosen. Then, by analyzing the numerical models, the most accurate linking function and fitness function were selected for the GEP model. Next, using the autocorrelation function (ACF), the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) and different lags, 15 WGEP models were introduced. The GEP models were trained, tested and validated in 37, 20- and 10-years periods, respectively. Also, using sensitivity analysis, the superior model and the most effective lags for estimating long-term rainfall were identified. The superior model estimated the target function with high accuracy. For instance, correlation coefficient and scatter index for this model were 0.946 and 0.310, respectively. Additionally, lags 1, 2, 4 and 12 were proposed as the most effective lags for simulating rainfall using hybrid model. Furthermore, results of the superior hybrid model were compared with GEP model that the hybrid model had more accuracy.}, Keywords = {Hybrid model, Rainfall, Time series, Simulation, Sensitivity analysis}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {27-42}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.42421}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3989-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3989-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Alinezhadi, M. and Mousavi, S. F. and Hosseini, Kh.}, title = {Comparison of Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Parametric and Non-parametric Regression Methods in the Prediction of the Mean Daily Discharge of Karun River (A case Study: Mollasani Hydrometric Station)}, abstract ={Nowadays, the prediction of river discharge is one of the important issues in hydrology and water resources; the results of daily river discharge pattern could be used in the management of water resources and hydraulic structures and flood prediction. In this research, Gene Expression Programming (GEP), parametric Linear Regression (LR), parametric Nonlinear Regression (NLR) and non-parametric K- Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) were used to predict the average daily discharge of Karun River in Mollasani hydrometric station for the statistical period of 1967-2017. Different combinations of the recorded data were used as the input pattern to predict the mean daily river discharge. The obtained esults  indicated that GEP, with R2= 0.827, RMSE= 59.45 and MAE= 26.64, had a  better performance, as compared to LR, NLR and K-NN methods, at the  validation stage for daily Karun River discharge prediction with 5-day lag, at the Mollasani station. Also, the performance of the models in the maximum discharge prediction showed that all models underestimated the flow discharge in most cases. }, Keywords = {River discharge, Gene expression programming, Linear and nonlinear regression, K- nearest neighbor, Karun.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {43-62}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.1012}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3999-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3999-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Haghnazari, F. and GhanbarianAlavijeh, M. and SheiniDashtegol, A. and BoroomandNnasab, S.}, title = {The Analysis of the Indexes of Furrow Irrigation Efficiency Evaluation for the Condition of Uniform and Variable Infiltration}, abstract ={Changes in soil infiltration cause changes in irrigation efficiencies; therefore, estimating it in calculating irrigation efficiencies provides a more accurate estimate of irrigation performance indicators. In a study conducted on ARC2-7 farm in Amirkabir agro-industry in the 2010-2011 crop year, during four irrigations; two furrows were selected in terms of uniform infiltration and variable infiltration with a length of 140 and a width of 1.83 m. In the furrow assuming uniform infiltration two flume type II, at the beginning and end of it, were installed and the cumulative infiltration was determined by the volume balance method. The furrow with variable conditions was divided into four sections by installing five flumes. By examining the spatial variations of the mean cumulative infiltration, its value decreased from the first to the fourth section for the first irrigation by 15% and for the subsequent irrigations by 13%. Temporal changes of cumulative infiltration decreased by 27 and 30% for the first and second sections and by 26% for the third and fourth sections. An 11% increase in the average weight of the aggregate diameter and a 7% decrease in bulk density indicate physical changes in the soil. Surface runoff losses increased from 8 to 18.77% in the furrow assuming uniform infiltration and from 10.91 to 19.77% in the furrow with variable infiltration, and application efficiency decreased by 6%.}, Keywords = {Furrow irrigation, application efficiency, Permeability, infiltration variations}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {63-74}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.42441}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3996-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3996-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Yarmohammadi, E. and Shabanlou, S. and Rajabi, A.}, title = {Optimization of ANFIS Model using Genetic Algorithm for Estimation of Scour Depth around Bridge Abutments}, abstract ={Optimization of artificial intelligence (AI) models is a significant issue because it enhances the performance and flexibility of the numerical models. In this study, scour depth around bridge abutments with different shapes was estimated by means of ANFIS and ANFIS-Genetic Algorithm. In other words, the membership functions of the ANFIS model were optimized using the genetic algorithm, finding that the performance of ANFIS model was increased. Firstly, effective input parameters on the scour depth around bridge abutments were defined. Then, by using the input parameters, eleven ANFIS and ANFIS-GA models were produced. Next, the superior ANFIS and ANFIS-GA models were introduced by analyzing the numerical results. For example, the correlation coefficient and scatter index for ANFIS model were calculated to be 0.979 and 0.070; for ANFIS-GA, these were 0.986 and 0.056, respectively. In addition, the average discrepancy ratio (DRave) for ANFIS and ANFIS-GA models was 0.984 and 0.988, respectively. Also, it was shown that the ANFIS-GA models had more accuracy, as compared to the ANFIS models. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis showed that Froude number (Fr) and ratio of flow depth to radius of scour hole (h/L) were the most influential input parameters for simulating the scour depth around bridge abutments.}, Keywords = {ANFIS, Algorithm genetic, Optimization, Scour, Bridge abutment, Sensitivity analysis}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {75-89}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.13931}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3938-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3938-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {AbdiArdestani, S. and Khalili, B. and Majidi, M. M.}, title = {Effects of Drought Stress and Species Variation on Carbon and Nitrogen Microbial Biomass and β-glucosaminidase Activity in the Rhizosphere of Grasses}, abstract ={Long-term drought effect is one of the main factors of global climate change, with  consequences for soil biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen and the  function of soil ecosystem under drought conditions. We hypothesized that 1) the Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata and festuca arundinacea species would differ in their rhizosphere responses to drought and 2) combined plant species and drought would have offsetting effects on the  soil biological traits. We tested these hypotheses at the long-term drought field expreiment at the  Lavark Farm of Isfahan University of Technology by analyzing soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and activity of β-glucosaminidase in the rhizosphere of Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata and festuca arundinacea species. Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen responses to drought depended on plant species,  such that the highest MBC was recorded in the Bromus inermis rhizosphere, while the  lowest was in the Dactylis glomerata rhizosphere, thereby suggesting the greater microbial sensitivity to drought in the Dactylis glomerata rhizosphere. Genotype variations (drought tolerate and sensitive) mostly affected the change in the β-glucosaminidase activity, but they were not significantly affected by drought treatment and plant species. In general, the positive effects of  the plant genotype could offset the negative consequences of drought for soil microbial biomass and traits.}, Keywords = {Microbial biomass carbon, Microbial biomass nitrogen, β-glucosaminidase activity, Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Drought tolerate and sensitive genotypes.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {91-102}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.36561}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3970-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3970-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shirani, K. and Pasandi, M. and Ebrahimi, B.}, title = {Assessment of Land Subsidence in the Najafabad Plain Using the Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) Technique}, abstract ={Land subsidence as a hydrogeomorphology event is currently occurring dangerously in many plains of the country due to uncontrolled groundwater extraction from water bearing layers, and accordingly monitoring and studying this phenomenon seems to be necessary. In this study, land subsidence rate of the Najafabad aquifer was determined through the Differential Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) processing of the ASAR and PALSAR radar data and the results were validated by comparying with the differential leveling and groundwater level drowdown data. Processing of the ASAR sensor data estimates the land subsidence in the Najafabad plain at an average annual subsidence rate of 6.7 cm and a total of 41 cm during 6 years period and processing of the PALSAR data suggests an annual rate of 7.7 cm and total subsidence of 30 cm during 4 years period. Most of the occured displacements are related to the Tiranchi, Koushk, Ghahderijan, Goldasht and Falavarjan cities. The simultaneous groundwater level data with acquisition date of the radar satellite images between 2002 and 2014 shows a drawdown ranging from 0.5 to 46.5 meters in the south and east to north of the Najafabad city consistent with the estimated land subsidence areas.The DInSAR processing of the PALSAR data has led to a more accurate results with higher spatial resolution. Results of the radar data processing can be employed for the hazard zonation directly utilized for management and planning of control and preventive measures.}, Keywords = {The Najafabad aquifer, Land subsidence, Radar interferometry, Differential leveling, ASAR, PALSAR}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {105-127}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.147214}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4023-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4023-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Moghim, S. and Rahmani, J.}, title = {Efficient Water Management under Climate Change in Urmia Plain}, abstract ={Improper water managements and overuse of surface water and groundwater mainly for agricultural purposes in Iran have led to the drying of many rivers and groundwater. Climate change adds an extra pressure on the water resources. These changes indicate the necessity of adjustment in water management plans. This study used hydroclimatic variables including precipitation and temperature in Urmia Plain to find appropriate crops that needed the minimum irrigation water. In addition, the best time for planting each crop is determined. To find the proper crops for the region, the daily water, as required for each crop, was calculated based on climate condition, crop type, and crop growth stage. The results indicates that grape could be the best crop for the region. In addition, early planting (e.g. in spring) reduced the irrigation water needed due to more rain and soil moisture in spring than summer, which could provide crop water requirement. On the other hand, the increased temperature in spring could satisfy heat units required for the fully grown plants like barley.  }, Keywords = {Water resources management, Climate change, Agriculture, Crop pattern, Growing season, Water need}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {129-140}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.42681}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4017-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4017-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sarkohaki, A. and Egdernezhad, A. and Minaei, S.}, title = {Determining the Accuracy and Efficiency of Water-driven and Carbon-driven Crop Models to Simulate the Yield, Biomass and Water Use Efficiency of Corn}, abstract ={Crop models evaluationin agriculture has been done by researchers. It helps them to determine the most appropriate crop model for the planning and simulation of crop response in different areas. Using can lead time and cost saving, helping to evaluate the effects of different situations on the crops yield, biomass and water use efficiency (WUE). Given the importance of the subject, this study was conducted for the accuracy and efficiency evaluation of AqauCrop and SWAP under three irrigation types (D: sprinkler irrigation with saline water, F: sprinkler irrigation with saline and fresh water, and S: surface irrigation) and five water qualities (S1: 2.5, S2: 3.2, S3: 3.9, S4: 4.6 and S5: 5.1 dS.m-1). NRMSE results showed that the accuracy of AquaCrop for the simulation of yield, biomass and WUE was 0.07, 0.09 and 0.07, respectively. For SWAP, these were 0.12, 0.04 and 0.13, respectively. According to EF, AquaCrop results for above-mentioned parameters were 0.60, 0.90 and -4.4, and SWAP results were 0.74, 0.73 and -2.0, respectively. So, AquaCrop accuracy and efficiency were better than those of SWAP for the simulation of corn yield and biomass.}, Keywords = {AquaCrop, Crop Yield, Irrigation Types, Sprinkler Irrigation, SWAP.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {141-156}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.42462}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4038-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4038-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Soroush, F. and Fathian, F.}, title = {Investigation of the Relationship between Altitude and Trend Slope in Climate Variables in Iran during 1987-2016}, abstract ={In the present study, the spatial and temporal changes of climate variables such as pan evaporation (Ep), temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), sunshine duration (SD), wind speed (W) and precipitation (P), as well as their relationship with altitude, were investigated. For this purpose, 68 meteorological stations with 30 years of data (1987-2016) throughout Iran on both seasonal and annual time scales were selected. Trend analysis of climate variables showed that over the past 30 years, most areas of Iran have become warmer and drier although all trends have not been significant. Investigation of the relationship between the trend slope of climate variables and altitude illustrated that there was no significant relationship between them during the study period on the annual time scale (p>0.1). However, in winter, the rate of increase in T (minimum, maximum and mean temperatures) and SD (p<0.1), as well as the rate of decrease in P (p<0.01), was significantly enhanced by increasing the altitude. The increase in mean and maximum T (p<0.1) and SD rates (p<0.001) in summer were significantly lower in the highlands than in the lowlands. In autumn, the trend slopes of minimum and mean T (p<0.05) were negatively correlated with altitude; in addition, the rates of increase in P and RH (p<0.05) in the highlands demonstrated a sharper increase. It seems, therefore, that most changes in climate variables have occurred in both autumn and winter. The results also showed that in winter, the highest rates of increase in Ts were related to the altitude of 1500-2000 m; however, the highest decrease in P belonged to the altitude of 2000-2500 m. In autumn, the highest rates of decrease in minimum and mean Ts had occurred in the altitude of 2000-2500 m; as well, he highest rate of increase in P was observed in the altitudes of both 0-500 m and 2000-2500 m.}, Keywords = {Climate variables, altitude, trend slope, Iran.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {157-178}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.35913}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3976-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3976-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {AsadiAsadabad, O. and Matinkhah, S. H. and Jafari, Z. and KarimMojeni, H.}, title = {Evaluation of Different Irrigation Methods of Hedysarum criniferum Boiss. under Field Conditions}, abstract ={In order to investigate the effect of the type drip of irrigation methods, subsurface irrigation and furrow irrigation on the domestication of Hedysarum criniferum Boiss., an experiment with a  randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented  at Isfahan University of Technology for two years (2016 to 2018) . For this purpose, clay pipes were made and the plant was cultivated on the sides of clay pipes and types. Also, furrow irrigation treatment was applied as the control. During the experiment, all treatments received the same water and finally, some growth parameters were measured. The results of the study showed improvement in height (0.43 and 0.34), canopy cover (0.66 and 0.52), stem number (0.44 and 0.85), chlorophyll index (0.45 and 0.45), seed emergence (0.75 and 0.30), plant survival (0.78 and 0.55), yield (0.23 and 0.35), and water use efficiency (0.25 and 0.25) under type drip irrigation treatment, as compared to subsurface and furrow irrigation, respectively (P<0.05). In general, the type drip treatment is recommended in the early years of planting; however, since the maximum production potential of this plant is in the third year onwards, it is necessary to examine the results in the following years to recommend the proper irrigation method, especially the use of subsurface irrigation. }, Keywords = {Subsurface clay pipes, Tape irrigation, Furrow irrigation, Plant survival, Plant growth indicators.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {179-189}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.41551}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3906-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3906-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Fazlolahi, H. and Fatahi, R. and Ebrahimi, K.}, title = {Evaluation of the Financial Efficiency of Farmers Based on the Economic Value of Water Resources in Arak Plain, Iran}, abstract ={Water is the most crucial factor for agricultural development. Therefore, the economic evaluation of water resources is critical. The purpose of this paper was to determine the economic value of water resources, to evaluate the financial efficiency and to decide on the price of agricultural water in Arak plain. For this purpose, the economic value of water resources for wheat, barley, alfalfa and corn was identified in 2015- 2016, using the mathematical model developed in this research. The results showed that the financial efficiency was calculated for three alternatives: free-cost water, water cost equal to the 10% of the calculated price and water cost equal to the exact calculated price.  The irrigation efficiency of 40% financial efficiency was 2.38%, 1.68% and 0.47% , respectively, for the  aformentioned methods, and  the irrigation efficiency of 70% financial efficiency was 2.07, 1.92 and 0.71, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis of the financial efficiency was performed, with 10% change in the farmers income and costs. The results also revealed that irrigation efficiency and financial efficiency were not aligned when farmers had free water; however, they were aligned when the farmer paid 10% of the calculated price. Financial efficiency was more sensitive to changes in the farmers income when compared to the changes in costs.}, Keywords = {Agricultural Product, Economic Evaluation, Mathematical Model, Water Price}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {191-203}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.8683}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3969-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3969-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Dehgan, T. and GholamiSefidkouhi, M. A. and Khoshravesh, M. and SamadaniLangroudi, N.}, title = {Use of Modified Nano Particles of Beech Leaves for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solutions in the Column System}, abstract ={In this research, the nitrate removal by beech leaves was investigated in batch and column systems. The batch experiment was performed to address the effect of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial nitrate ion concentration on the nitrate removal. The results showed that with an increase in pH, the removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were decreased and nitrate removal by millimeter and nano adsorbent beech leaves reached equilibrium 120 and 90 minutes after experiment, respectively. With an increase in the nitrate concentration, the removal efficiency was decreased from 59.2% to 39.7% and 82.1% to 69.9% for millimeter and the nanoparticles of Beech leaves, respectively. In fixed-bed column adsorption experiments, the flow rates of 5, 8 and 11 ml/min and the nitrate concentration of 15, 50 and 120 mg/L were studied. The results showed with an increase in the nitrate concentration from 15 to 120 mg/L, the saturation time was decreased from 240 to 150 and 360 to 270 minutes for millimeter and nanoparticles of Beech leaves, respectively. Thomas, Dose-response and Yoon-Nelson models were fitted to the results of the continuous experiments. The Thomas model fitted the experimental data with high accuracy. Compared to the adsorbents, nano-adsorbent had more adsorption capacity in the batch and column systems. }, Keywords = {Batch experiment, Beech Leaf, Fixed-Bed Column, Nano adsorbent.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {205-217}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.12491}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3956-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3956-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Hasanzadeh, N. and Gholami, L. and KhalediDarvishan, A. and Yonesi, H.}, title = {Effect of Various Rates of Montmorillonite Nanoclay on Changing Runoff and Soil Loss}, abstract ={Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental issues in the world, causing soil degradation, reduction of land productivity, increasing flood, water pollution and pollutions transportation; it is also a serious threat to sustainable development in the world. Therefore, the soil conservation and the prevention of soil erosion and use of conditioners as the nanoclay can be considered as a solution to improve   land productivity and protect environment. The present study was, therefore, conducted to address the effect of the application of montmorillonite nanoclay with three rates of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 t ha-1 on changing runoff and soil loss variables under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the nanoclay with the rate of 0.03 t ha-1 could decrease the runoff coefficient, soil loss and sediment concentration with the rate of 40.65, 88.38 and 82.19 percent, respectively. The average of soil loss in control treatment and conservation treatments of nanoclay with various rates was measured to be 3.76, 0.44, 1.33 and 3.16 g, respectively. Also, the results showed that the most sediment concentration was the control treatment with the rate of 5.84 g l-1 and the conservation treatments with nanoclay in the applied rates was 1.04, 3.47 and 2.96 g l-1, respectively. Also, the results showed that the nanoclay effect was significant on changing the soil loss and sediment concentration at the level of 99 percent. Finally, due to the effect, the use of this conditioner in natural conditions and investigation of the effects on environment and aggregates stability are recommended.}, Keywords = {Emerging Conditioners of Soil, Soil and Water Conservation, Sediment Concentration, Soil Erosion}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {219-230}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.38982}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3939-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3939-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Jamali, S. and Ansari, H. and Zeynodin, M.}, title = {Investigation of the Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Harvesting Time on the Yield and Yield Components of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)}, abstract ={The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of treated urban wastewater and different harvesting times on the yield and yield components of Sorghum (cv. Speed feed) in the greenhouse condition. The research was done based on a completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Ferdowsi university of Mashhad in 2016. In this study, the effects of four mixtures consisting of the moderations use of the treated urban wastewater and freshwater (0, 25, 75 and 100 percent mixture of treated urban wastewater and freshwater) and three harvesting times level (pre-flowering, after 50 percent of the plant to flowering, and grain filling stage) on the yield and yield components of Sorghum were evaluated. The results inducted that the effect of different moderations of irrigation regimes on all of them parameter was highly significant (P<0.01), but plant height was non-significant; it was also revealed that the effect of harvesting times on all of the parameters was highly significant (P<0.01), but leaf width was non-significant. The results also exhibited that the interaction effects of irrigated regimes and harvesting times on the leaf number, panicle length and width, leaf, panicle, and stem was highly significant (P<0.01), but plant height, stem diameter, branches number, and leaf length and width were significant at the  5 percent level (P<0.05). Also, the use of 25, 75, and 100 percent mixture of wastewater resulted in the  forage yield of  37.5, -29.3, and 12.9 percent (pre-flowering); -31, -15.3, and -47.4 percent (after 50 percent of the plant to flowering),  and -11.8, -35.7 and -28.4 percent (grain filling stage), respectively. The highest forage weights (46.2 g per plant) showed, in the study, irrigated by a mixture of 75 treated wastewater and 25 freshwater, and harvesting the plant after 50 percent in flowering stage; on the other hand, the best treatment in this study irrigation by the mixture of 75 treated wastewater and 25 freshwater and harvesting the plant after 50 percent in the flowering stage, Thus, using the treatment in farm experiment required the field research.}, Keywords = {Greenhouse conditions, Mixture of wastewater and freshwater, Speed feed cultivar, Sorghum, Urban wastewater.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {231-241}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.35826}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3912-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3912-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Arab, A. and Esmaili, K.}, title = {Effect of Longitudinal and Side Slope of Flood Plain on Sediment Erosion in Compound Channel}, abstract ={The study of floods has always been important for researchers due to the great loss of life and property. Investigation of flood bed can provide appropriate solutions to reduce this phenomenon to managers and researchers. In this research, the compound channel (with flood plain on one side of the main channel) Been paid, Therefore, two experimental models of compound channel in laboratory flume were examined by considering dimensional analysis. With the goal Investigation of lateral slope of flood wall in laboratory model In the first model, transverse slope 0 And in the second model, a value equal to 50% Was considered. Also in order to investigate the effect of longitudinal slope of river bed sediments Longitudinal slope in three steps 0.00 2, 0.004 and 0.006 Was changed. Examining the ADV speedometer data, the results showed that with increasing the longitudinal and transverse slope (slope of the flood wall) of the channel, the maximum longitudinal velocity changes to the floor of the channel. In order to investigate the effect of average sediment diameter on the scouring process during experiments Mm was used. The results showed that increasing the longitudinal and transverse slope had a great effect on increasing the volume of washed sediments 3 and 0.9 of sandy sediments with a diameter Along the canal and with the increase of these longitudinal and transverse slopes in the channel, more sediment transport volume occurs. In the following, using Investigation of dimensionless numbers obtained from dimensional analysis, dimensionless weight landing number was introduced to evaluate this value value of other hydraulic parameters and Was introduced. A relationship based on nonlinear regression with correlation coefficient Acceptable was introduced at around 0.88.}, Keywords = {compound channel, flood plain, longitudinal slope, sediment, side slope, Non-liner regression, Analytical solution.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {243-259}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.42861}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4039-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4039-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {KarimaeiTabarestani, M.}, title = {Effect of the Correlation between Hydraulic Parameters on the Reliability Analysis of a Riprap Designed around Bridge Pier}, abstract ={One of the most common and practical methods in controlling the local scour around bridge pier is to place a protective riprap layer. Due to various uncertainties in the design of this countermeasure method, in the present study, the reliability analysis method was applied for the design of a riprap size around a real bridge pier as a case study. Therefore, four different methods including First Order Second Moment, First Order Reliability Method, Spread Sheet and Monte Carlo Simulation Technique were used to quantify the uncertainties and design of riprap size. The results showed that the probability of riprap size failure, which was calculated by the empirical equation and the  use of the mean value of effective parameters in the case study, was very high,  nearly 34%. In the following, the relationship between safety factor and the reliability index at the site of this case study was determined. Finally, in order to achieve more realistic results, the hydraulic correlation coefficient between depth and flow velocity parameters and its effect on the probability of the riprap failure were studied. It was shown that the correlation coefficient between these two hydraulic parameters was very high and more than 90%, and its maximum effect on the probability of the riprap failure was less than 10%.}, Keywords = {Scour, Bridge pier, Riprap, First Order Reliability Method, Correlation coefficient}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {261-277}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.42901}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4043-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4043-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Chezgi, J. and Asiyaei, M.}, title = {Determination of Erosion-Prone Areas using GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models: A Case Study: Bagheran Birjand Region}, abstract ={Erosion causes the reduction and degradation and the soil fertility; one of its most important consequences, endangering the food security of the inhabitants of the area. Therefore, to reduce erosion, it needs to be controlled and managed using good soil conservation methods. It is only necessary to manage and control the full impact of the factors affecting the soil first. If there is a critical state of erosion in the four watersheds, identifying the precise location of erosion will be done quickly and with less cost; thus, further erosion control and counter-operation will be feasible. In this study, geographic information system and decision making models of AHP and ANP in Bagheran region of Birjand were used to determine the erosion prone areas. First, 10 effective criteria including rain, slope, slope direction, soil, geology, permeability, vegetation, land use, distance from road and village, were determined on the erosion in the area based on the expert opinion and library studies. Next, the questionnaires were sent to experts to explore g the impact of the criteria on erosion; after completing the questionnaires based on Expert Choice and Supper Decision software, the relative importance of the criteria was obtained. The maps were then compiled and integrated according to the relative importance of the criteria. Rainfall factor had the greatest impact on the erodibility of the area in the AHP method with the relative importance of 0.21 and the   vegetation criterion with the weight of 0.158 in the ANP method had the most impact on the determination of erosion prone areas. Finally, the erodibility map of the area was obtained based on the presented models. Subsequently, the region was classified into five classes of erosion susceptibility, with areas of moderate sensitivity having the most area in both models. In the lower and upper classes, the ANP method performed better; in the middle classes the AHP method performed better.}, Keywords = {Erosion, AHP, ANP, GIS and Bagheran area of Birjand}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {279-293}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.34902}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3972-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3972-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Khalilimoghadam, B. and Siadat, A. and Yusefi, A.}, title = {Investigation of the Amount and Possible Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Dust Deposited on the Leaves of Trees in Ahvaz}, abstract ={Dust deposited on the leaves of trees can be effectively used as the monitors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The dust deposited on the leaves can be used as an appropriate index for evaluating PAHs in the atmosphere. This research was conducted to determine the origin and health risk assessment of PAHs accumulated on the leaves of trees in the city of Ahvaz. For this purpose, samples were taken at leaves on 10 points with different land uses including industrial, recreational, high-traffic and residential ones. After preparation, to determine the type and concentration of PAHs, the compounds were analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that 15 types of PAHs had been identified from 16 important compounds identified by EPA in the dust samples. The concentration of compounds was the range of 3.3-110 microgram per kilogram. The maximum and minimum of PAHs carcinogenic in particles trapped on leaves were in the Kut-Abdolah with 530 ppb and Shahrvand Park Station with 5.13 ppb, respectively. Also, the average relative of LMW/HMW in the aromatics contained in the deposition of particles on trees was 0.5; further the analysis of the main components of aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) showed that there was  no specific source for these compounds in Ahvaz, and these compounds could be from fossil fuels, urban traffic, natural gas,   generally showing a pyrogenic origin.}, Keywords = {Dust, PAHs, Urban tree, Health risk assesment, Ahvaz}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {295-308}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.1.14575}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3921-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3921-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Saniesales, F. and Soltani, S. and Modarres, R.}, title = {Evaluation of New Drought Index of SPDI (Standardized Palmer Drought Index) in Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province}, abstract ={Several indices are used for drought identification and quantification. In this paper, the new Standardized Palmer Drought index (SPDI) was introduced and then the drought condition of Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province was studied using this index. For this study, 11 synoptic, climatology, and evaporation meteorology stations were selected. Essential information in this investigation includes monthly temperature, monthly precipitation, and soil moisture measurement. To estimate SPDI, moisture departure, was first calculated on a monthly time scale. Then, converted to cumulative moisture departure values in different time scales including 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months. The best statistical distribution (GEV) was then fitted to cumulative departure. These values were then standardized to have the SPDI. The results showed that, as soil moisture affects SPDI estimation, it will be more valid for analyzing and monitoring drought conditions, especially for agricultural drought. Also, the results showed that 2000, 2001, and 2008 years were the driest time in this Province from 1988 to 2012. Moreover, drought frequency was found out in the western half of the Province more than in the other parts.}, Keywords = {Standardized Palmer Drought Index, Drought monitoring, Standardized Precipitation Index, Soil moisture, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.36821}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3501-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3501-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Salamati, N. and Danaie, A. and Behbahani, L.}, title = {Comparison and Evaluation of the Effects of Different Levels of Tape Drip Irrigation on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Two Local Behbahan and Shevin Sesame Varieties}, abstract ={To investigate and evaluate the effects of different levels of drip irrigation on grain yield and yield components, oil yield, seed oil percentage, and seed water use efficiency, an experiment was performed at Behbahan Agricultural Research Station during two crop years 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experiment was conducted in split plots based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The amount of water in tape drip irrigation was compared at four levels of 40, 60, 80, and 100% water requirement in main plots and two sesame cultivars Local of Behbahan and Shevin in subplots from the beginning of flowering. Comparison of mean interaction effects of irrigation levels and cultivars showed that the treatment of 100% water requirement in the Behbahan local cultivar with the yield of 1218.0 kg/ha was ranked first and foremost. Water consumption in the highest treatment (100% water requirement and Behbahan local cultivar) was calculated to be 5389.4 m3/ha. Treatments of 100% and 80% of water requirement in superior cultivar (local Behbahan) with water use efficiency of 0.226 and 0.210 kg/m3 had no significant difference, respectively, and were in the first place. Pearson correlation coefficient calculated for the measured traits showed that the highest correlation of water volume was calculated (r = 0.9271) with the weight of one thousand seeds. Significant correlations of water volume with grain yield and yield components indicated that sesame was susceptible to drought stress and attention to optimal water management in sesame cultivation. Therefore, decreasing the volume of water consumed and consequently drought stress in sesame reduced yield and yield components.}, Keywords = {1000-grain weight, Water use efficiency, Variety}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {13-24}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.26986}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4012-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4012-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Banihashemi, S. and Eslamian, S. S. and Nazari, B.}, title = {Prediction of Local Alterations in the Relative Amounts of Temperature and Precipitation Caused by Climate Change in Near and Far Future, and Drought Investigation Using SPI and SPEI Indices in Qazvin Plain, Iran}, abstract ={The upcoming climate change has become a serious concern for the human society. These changes, caused and aggravated by the industrial activities of the international community and the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, are seen as a threat to the food security and environment. Temperature change and precipitation are studied in the form of different probabilistic scenarios in order to have an outlook for the future. The present study was conducted to address the effects of climate changes on temperature and precipitation in Qazvin plain in the form of five AOGCMs including Hadcm3, CSIRO-MK3, GFDL, CGCM3 and MICROC3.2, and 3 greenhouse gas emission scenarios of A1B, A2 and B1, based on different possible scenario combinations in the next 30 years, 2021-2050 and 2051-2080 (near and far future). On basis of the study results, all 4 target stations, on average, will have experienced a change between two ratios of 0.5 and 1.4 of  the observed precipitation period  by the end of 2050, and the mean temperature will have had a change  between -0.1 to 1.6 °C, relative to the observed period.  By the end of 2080,  the  precipitation will also have fluctuated between the two proportions of 0.5 and 1.7 times of the observed precipitation period and the mean temperature will touch an increase between 0.6 and 2.6 °C. Both SPI and SPEI indices suggest the increment in the number of dry periods in the near and far future. However, the total number of negative sequences differed considering the 3, 12 and 24-month intervals at the stations level. Given the SPEI index, as compared to the base period, the total negative sequences of drought and number of dry periods will increase at 3 stations of Avaj, Bagh-Kowsar and Shahid-rajaei-powerhouse and decrease at Qazvin station in the future; however, SPI gives different results, such that  for Bagh-Kowsar, there will be an increase in both total negative sequences of drought and number of dry periods, as  compared to the baseline period; three other stations will have more dry periods, specifically, but less total negative sequences. The results reported that the drought events would become severe, and the wet events would become extreme in the future.}, Keywords = {Climate Change, Qazvin Plain, Temperature, Precipitation, drought, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI).}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {25-44}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.41271}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3910-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3910-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kaffash, M. and SanaeiNejad, H.}, title = {Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Landsat and MODIS Land Surface Temperature Data Using FSDAF Algorithm}, abstract ={Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important parameter in weather and climate systems. Satellite remote sensing is a unique way to estimate this important parameter. However, satellite products have either low spatial resolution or low temporal resolution that limits their potential use in various studies. In recent years, the use of Spatio-temporal fusion techniques to produce high resolution simultaneous spatial and temporal images has been extensively investigated. In this study, a Flexible Spatio-temporal Data Fusion (FSDAF) was used to produce Landsat-like LST images with Landsat spatial resolution and MODIS temporal resolution. The quantitative and qualitative validation of the images was performed by comparing them with the Actual Landsat LST images. The results showed that the FSDAF algorithm has high accuracy in estimating daily LST data both qualitatively and quantitatively. The RMSE and MAE parameters of the images produced compared to the actual Landsat images were 1.18 to 1.71 and 0.88 to 1.29°C, respectively. The correlation coefficient above 0.87 and bias between -0.6 to 1.45°C also confirms the high accuracy of the algorithm in estimating Landsat-like land surface temperature on a daily time scale.}, Keywords = {Land Surface Temperature, Spatio-temporal Fusion, Landsat, MODIS, Remote sensing}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {45-62}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.42091}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3971-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3971-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {MousaviZadehMojarad, R and Tabatabaei, S. H. and Nourmahnad, N.}, title = {Comparison Methods of Determining the Degree of Hydrophobicity Based on the Measurement of Soil-Water Contact Angle}, abstract ={The contact angle is a numerical index of differentiation between hydrophilic and hydrophobic soils. The objectives of this research are: 1) assessing different methods such as capillary rise, the molarity of ethanol droplet, repellency index, and sessile drop, and 2) Determining the most efficient method in a typical soil with sandy loam texture. In this study, hydrophobic soil was hydrophobized artificially using stearic acid and according to the water drop penetration time classification method. Calculated contact angles of hydrophilic soil with capillary rise method, the molarity of ethanol droplet method, repellency index (two methods of calculation), and sessile drop method were 89.9, 75.41, (57.81), 56.28, and 58.91, respectively. Using the contact angle measuring device, the contact angle of five hydrophobic levels were 58.91, 104.92, 120.48, 129.96, and 173.07, respectively. According to the precession of the device where the operator is capable to control data and processes and there is no limitation in usage, therefore, the sessile drop method is the most suitable method to measure contact angle. The contact angle of the late method and water drop penetration data are positively correlated (R2 = 0.975).}, Keywords = {Water drop penetration test, Capillarity rise method, Ethanol molarity method, Sorptivity index, Sessile drop method, Contact angle measuring device}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {63-75}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.39072}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3875-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3875-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Roshun, S. H. and Shahedi, K. and HabibnejadRoshan, M. and Chormanski, J.}, title = {Comparison of the Performance of ANN and SVM Methods in Rainfall-Runoff Process Modeling (Case Study: North Karun Watershed)}, abstract ={The simulation of the rainfall-runoff process in the watershed has particular importance for a better understanding of hydrologic issues, water resources management, river engineering, flood control structures, and flood storage. In this study, to simulate the rainfall-runoff process, rainfall and discharge data were used in the period 1997-2017. After data qualitative control, rainfall, and discharge delays were determined using the coefficients of autocorrelation, partial autocorrelation, and cross-correlation in R Studio software. Then, the effective parameters and the optimum combination were determined by the Gamma test method and used to implement the model under three different scenarios in MATLAB software. Gamma test results showed that today's precipitation parameters, precipitation of the previous day, discharge of the previous day, and discharge of two days ago have the greatest effect on the outflow of the basin. Also, the Pt Qt-1 and Pt Pt-1 Qt-1 Qt-2 Qt-3 combinations were selected as the most suitable input combinations for modeling. The results of the modeling showed that in the support vector machine model, the Radial Base kernel Function (RBF) has a better performance than multiple and linear kernels. Also, the performance of the Artificial Neural Network model (ANN) is better than the Support Vector Machine model (SVM) with Radial Base kernel Function (RBF).}, Keywords = {Gamma test, Optimum combination, Soft calculations, Artificial neural network, Support vector machine, North Karun watershed}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {77-90}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.34502}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4016-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4016-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Bahrebar, A. R. and Heidarnejad, M. and Masjedi, A. R. and Bordbar, A.}, title = {Numerical and experimental study of the combination of labyrinth weir with orifice and its effect on discharge coefficient}, abstract ={The combination of a labyrinth weir with an orifice is a proper solution for floating material to pass over the weir and transfer sediment through the orifice. Additionally, creating a slot in the overflow wing leads to higher discharge. This study examined four discharges (5, 10, 15, and 20 liters per second) with channel width and height of 30 and 40 cm in trapezoidal-orifice, square-orifice, and triangular-orifice labyrinth weirs in the laboratory and using Flow3D with RNG k-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model, the results were compared with one another. Comparing the discharge flow over weirs and measuring the discharge coefficient among the mentioned models showed that the triangular-orifice labyrinth weir had the highest discharge rate. Moreover, the increased Ht/P ratio (Ht represents total hydraulic head; P denotes weir height) for all models resulted in the increased discharge coefficient. Due to the efficiency of this type of weirs, the highest discharge coefficient was obtained at low Ht/P ratios. At lower ratios, since there was free flow, the coefficient of weir discharge increased, and as the ratio increased, the weir was partially submerged. Furthermore, for the weir design, the best Ht/P ratio was between 0.13 to 0.41, and the maximum discharge coefficient (Cd = 1.2) was within this range.}, Keywords = {Orifice-weir, Discharge coefficient, Effective length, Flow3D}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {91-105}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.38095}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4033-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4033-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Moghtaderi, A. and Valizadegan, E.}, title = {Investigation of the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flap Gates at the End of Trapezoidal Channels}, abstract ={In this study, the hydraulic characteristics of the flap gates are installed at the end of the trapezoidal channels were investigated by laboratory study. In the physical model, three trapezoidal channels and four gates with different weights were used (12 gates for three channels). Based on several experiments, equations for estimating of flow rate for each side slope (each channel) were developed using dimensional analysis. In this research, five forms of discharge-stage relationship were used to obtain relationships for each side slop to estimate flow rate, separately. The results show that none of the discharge-stage relationships forms as a single relationship for all flap gates in a certain channel are suitable for estimating discharge. But the first, second, and third forms of the discharge-stage relationship are very suitable for estimating the flow rate in a certain channel for a certain flap gate. In other words, for each gate with a specific weight, a separate (unique) relationship is obtained to estimate the flow rate in the form of the first to the third discharge-stage relationship in a certain channel. To estimate of flow rate by using the first form of the discharge-stage relationship, the maximum values of statistical parameters of RMSE, ME, and MARE, among all three channels, are 0.0001 m3/s, 0.00022 m3/s, and 0.22 percent, respectively. The values of all the above statistical parameters for the first, second, and third forms of the discharge-stage relationship are presented in the article.}, Keywords = {flap gates, trapezoidal channel, flow control, flow measurement}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {107-118}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.42921}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4049-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4049-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Jafari, S. and Karimzadeh, M. and Abdeshahi, A.}, title = {Investigating Carbonate Distribution in Particle Size Components of Some Soils of Khuzestan Province}, abstract ={Characteristics of most soils in arid and semi-arid regions affected by carbonates. The study aimed to determine the distribution of carbonates in the size components of some soils in Khuzestan province. Upward to the bottom of Karun, Karkheh, and Jarahi rivers were studied at depths of 0-50, 50-100, and 150-100 cm. The results showed that the average amount of carbonates in the soils of the Jarahi river basin (37%) was significantly different from the amount in the soils of the other two rivers (33%). Carbonates were observed in all soil size components but the maximum was present in the clay component. The highest regression relationship between soil particles was in the clay component (0.375). The highest percentage of particle reduction after carbonate removal was related to coarse silt particles (0.75). Therefore, the soil texture changed from clay in Jarahi, from clay and silty clay in Karun, and silty clay in Karkheh due to the removal of carbonates to sandy loam. There was no significant difference in the distribution of carbonates at different depths for river soils and all studied soils. The relatively uniform distribution of carbonates in the four components studied in these soils from the surface to the depth showed that the carbonates originated from the parent material, namely alluvial flood sediments of these rivers.}, Keywords = {Carbonate, Clay, Fine silt, Jarahi, Karkheh, Karoon}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {119-133}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.12326}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4004-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4004-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kazemizadeh, H. and Saneie, M. and Hajikandi, H.}, title = {Effect of Upstream and Downstream Roughness on Scour Hole of Square Bridge Pile}, abstract ={To prevent demolishing bridge piles due to developing the scour hole under the foundation of these piles some solution has been proposed in the literature. One of the important approaches could be installing different geometric of roughness at the downstream and upstream piles sections. This causes the downward flows which are performing the main role in developing scour holes to be marginally decreased. The present study explores the effect of geometric roughness and also, continuity and un-continuity of roughness length on maximum scour holes around bridge pile. Results indicate that due to increasing the length of roughness the developed scour holes were formed by less scour hole depths. Furthermore, continuity of roughness increases the scour hole depths; however, un-continuity causes the height of scour holes to be developed by fewer values. Also, the comparison shows that the length of installed roughness in maximum value is decreasing the scour hole depth constitute 34 percent. Based on the non-linear regression technique an equation has been proposed to predict the maximum scour hole due to different conditions. Comparison between experimental and proposed values shows that the accuracy of the proposed equation has an acceptable error which has been calculated less than 11 percent.}, Keywords = {Scour hole, Squire bridge pile, Rectangular roughness, Triangular roughness, Non-liner regression, Analytical solution}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {135-150}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.42481}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4002-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4002-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shirani, K.}, title = {Gully Erosion Mapping and Susceptibility Assessment Using Statistical and Probabilistic Methods}, abstract ={Delineation of gully erosion susceptible areas by using statistical models, as well as optimum usage of existing data and information with the least time and cost and more precision, is important. The main objective of this study is to determine the areas accuracy to gully erosion and susceptibility mapping by using data mining of the bivariate Dempster-Shafer, linear multivariate statistical methods and their integration in Semirom watershed, southern Isfahan province. First, the geographical location of a total of 156 randomly gullies were mapped using preliminary reports, satellite imagery interpretation and field survey. In the next step, 14 conditioning parameters of the gullies in the study area were selected including the topographic, geomorphometric, environmental, and hydrologic parameters using the regional environmental characteristics and the multicollinearity test for modeling. Then, the Dempster-Shafer statistical, linear regression, and ensembled methods were developed using 70% of the identified gullies and 14 effective parameters as dependent and independent variables, respectively. The remaining 30% of the gully distribution dataset were used for validation. The results of the multivariate regression model showed that land use, slope and distance to drainage network parameters have the most significant relation to gully occurrence. The gully erosion susceptibility maps were prepared by individual and ensemble methods and they were divided to 5 classes of very low to very high rate. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to validate gully erosion susceptibly maps. The verification results showed that the AUC of ensemble method (0.948) is higher than Dempster-Shafer (0.924) and Multivariate regression (0.864) methods. Also, the the seed core area index (SCAI) value of the ensembled model from very low to very high susceptible classes have a decreasing trend that indicating a proper separation of susceptible classes by this model.}, Keywords = {Zonation, Susceptibility, Semirom riffle, Gully, Multivariate regression, Dempster-Shafer, Uncertainty}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {151-174}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.147215}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4028-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4028-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ariapak, S. S. and Jalalian, A. and Honarjoo, N.}, title = {Relationship of Some Climatic Parameters to the Dust Deposition Trend in the Western and Eastern Half of Tehran Metropolis}, abstract ={In this study, spatial-temporal variation of dust deposition rate in the western and eastern half of Tehran and its climatic parameters affecting were studied. At 34 points in the city, dust samples were collected by glass traps from the roof, for twelve months, and the climatic data were obtained and analyzed from relevant organizations. The highest deposition rate is in the western half of the city and its total amount has varied from 54.52 to 121.21 g/m2/y. In both halves of the city, summer has the highest dust deposition rate and its central areas have the highest amount. There were significant positive correlations between dust deposition rate with temperature and medium wind speed, and there were significant negative correlations between dust deposition rate with rainfall and relative humidity in all months, which justifies the high dust deposition rate in the dry seasons of the year. The results of stepwise regression showed that rainfall was the most important factor affecting the dust deposition rate in both halves of the city. The city of Tehran has a special geographical location the presence of mountains like a barrier has prevented dust from leaving the city and the air inlet corridor of Tehran has faced problems due to the expansion of building construction and high-rise building. Other factors affecting the rate of dust deposition in this city, in addition to the distance from the main source of dust production, atmospheric parameters can be mentioned the existence of barren lands around the city, vegetation cover, construction operations, and traffic.}, Keywords = {Dust deposition rate, Climatic parameters, Stepwise regression, High-rise building effects, The western and eastern half of Tehran metropolis}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {175-190}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.42561}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4015-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4015-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, A. and Moameri, M. and Dadjou, F. and Andalibi, L.}, title = {Modeling of Biomass by Soil Parameters in Hir-Neur Rangelands, Ardabil Province}, abstract ={The purpose of this study was to model biomass with soil parameters in Hir-Neur rangelands of Ardabil Province. Initially, considering the vegetation types and different classes of environmental factors, at the maximum vegetative growth stage, using one square meter plot, biomass was estimated by clipping and weighing method. For each transect, a soil sample was taken and transferred to the soil laboratory and the various parameters were measured by conventional methods. The relationship between soil factors and the rangeland biomass was analyzed and simulated using linear multiple regression. Among the measured soil factors, the Silt, EC, Ca, Ksoluble, OC, POC, pH, Mg, TNV, clay, P, and volumetric moisture had the highest effect and percentage of biomass forecast (p<0.01). The accuracy of the simulated maps was analyzed using RMSE criteria and for grasses, forbs, shrubs, and total biomass were equal to 0.81, 0.65, 0.34, and 0.46, respectively. The results of this study, not only point out the importance of soil factors on the biomass but also as a baseline data for managing rangelands, supply-demand, and carbon balance can be used in the current section.}, Keywords = {Biomass, Vegetative form, Simulating, Linear regression, Prediction equation}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {191-202}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.16394}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4005-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4005-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Janatrostami, S. and Salahi, A.}, title = {Equitable Allocation of Surface Water and Groundwater Resources in Foumanat Irrigation Area with Optimization Approach}, abstract ={Water allocation needs to adhere to the principles of efficiency, equity, and sustainability, but, equity usually is less considered. Foumanat irrigation area with five command areas is one of the three areas of Sefidroud irrigation and drainage network that more than 90% of it is covered by paddy fields. Since water plays a key role in paddy fields, the lack of uniform distribution of water resources throughout the irrigation area during the rice cultivation period causes irrigation water scarcity and severe damage to some irrigation areas. In this study, the equity of groundwater withdrawal and the received surface water from Sefidroud irrigation and drainage canals according to the shared water resources among Foumanat’s command areas were evaluated using the Gini coefficient. Therefore, a water allocation optimization model was developed to maximize the equity in the allocation of groundwater and surface water of canals according to the minimum current economic benefit in the command areas. The results showed that in optimum conditions, the equity of groundwater and surface water resources allocation was increased by 46.3% and 43.7%, respectively. The evaluation of the optimal allocation of available water resources also showed that the amounts of groundwater withdrawal and the received surface water from canals are distributed equally among command areas.}, Keywords = {Gini coefficient, Sefidroud irrigation and drainage network, Economic benefit, Equity}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {203-217}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.40843}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3978-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3978-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Motamedi, A. and Galoie, M.}, title = {An Investigation on Accuracy and Applicability of USLE Model in Estimation of Soil Loss in Elevated Mountainous Areas (Case Study: the Tibetan Plateau)}, abstract ={The annual soil erosion in different regions of the world has been estimated using various empirical and numerical methods whose accuracy is very dependent on their utilized parameters. One of the most common methods in the evaluation of the mean annual soil erosion especially in sheet and furrow regions is the USLE method. In this relationship, almost all factors that normally affect the soil loss process such as land cover, slope, precipitation, soil type, and support practice parameter of soil have been employed but, in this research, it was shown that the accuracy of this method in mountainous areas covered by rock and snow is somewhat low. To do this, a part of the Tibet plateau in China, where observation soil loss data were available, was selected for investigation. To implement the numerical and analytical analysis, many maps including DEM, NDVI, orientation, soil type, mean monthly and annual precipitation for 30 years were collected. For increasing the accuracy of the model, the cover management parameter was extracted from high accuracy NDVI maps and all USLE parameters were calculated in ArcGIS. The final results were shown that the amount of annual soil loss which was estimated by the USLE method is more than the observed data which were collected by Chinese researchers. This is because the large areas of the study area are covered by lichen and snow where soil loss due to the erosion process is very low but these regions cannot be recognized from NDVI maps. Also, the analysis of the NDVI maps was shown that the relationships of Fu, Patil, and Sharma were not suitable for soil loss estimation in elevated mountainous areas. If the other relationships such as Lin, Zhu, and Durigon are used for the regions with a height of more than 5500 m, a new correction coefficient needs to be used for the C factor which was calculated as 0.2 for the study area.}, Keywords = {Soil loss, USLE model, Tibetan Plateau, NDVI, Snow cover}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {219-236}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.23722}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3967-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3967-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sabzevari, Y. and Saeidinia, M.}, title = {Evaluation of Experimental Models and Artificial Intelligence in Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration (Case Study: Boroujerd Station)}, abstract ={The FAO Penman-Monteith is a baseline method to estimate reference evapotranspiration. In many cases, it is difficult to access all data, so replacing simpler models with ‎lower input data and appropriate accuracy is necessary. ‎ The purpose of this study is to investigate the capability of the experimental ‎models, gene expression programming, stepwise regression, and Bayesian network in estimating ‎reference evapotranspiration.‎ In this research, daily information of the Boroujerd synoptic station in the period of 1996 -2017 was used as model inputs. ‎Based on the correlation between input and output parameters, six input patterns were ‎determined for modeling. The results showed that the Kimberly-Penman model has the ‎best performance among the experimental models.‎ Gene expression programming with fourth pattern ‎‎and Default Model Operators (R2 = 0.98 and RMSE = 0.9), Bayesian Network with sixth pattern (R2=0.91 and RMSE = 1.01), and stepwise regression with sixth pattern have the most accurate patterns at R2 = 0.91 and RMSE = 0.9 in the ‎training stage.‎ Comparison of the performance of the three models showed that the gene expression ‎programming model was superior to the other two models with the Average Absolute Relative Error (AARE) of 0.12 and the Mean Ratio (MR) of 0.94.‎ The results showed that gene expression programming had an acceptable ability to estimate ‎reference evapotranspiration under the weather conditions of Boroujerd and could be introduced as a ‎suitable model.‎}, Keywords = {FAO-Penman-Monteith, Reference evapotranspiration, Bayesian network, Gene expression programming}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {237-253}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.42621}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4013-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4013-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Afshri, H. and Ghazavi, R. and Dokhani, S.}, title = {Provide an Approach in Determining the Effective Factors in Crisis Management with Emphasis on Runoff}, abstract ={Due to the limitation and scarcity of water supplies, it is essential to identify and reuse alternative water sources, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions according to environmental conditions. Reuse of runoff is an adaptive management philosophy and approach to balance efforts and provide sustainable water services and manage hazards. The present study is aimed to design a suitable model of water resource management with an emphasis on crisis management. In this study, indices and dimensions of the water resources management model were determined via the Delphi method (based on Schmidt, et al.). Delphi panel members were identified and selected in three stages using random sampling. The faculty members of water resources and watershed management university specializing and passive defense experts of water organization were selected as the Delphy panel members. Initially, panel members identified the most important effective items on water resources security, based on their inference of the model. Based on the first evaluation and after eliminating duplicates, 43 items remained. Finally, 36 items remained in the analyses, when the items with low and medium significance coefficients were eliminated. The final model of water resources management was approved by the expert opinion based on the crisis management approach. According to the results, designing rainwater collection and storage systems in different parts of the city and installing tanks for roof rainwater collection in each home were selected as the best approach in the critical condition (with an average grade of 4.94), whereas the installation of the sensors in different parts of water pipe with an average grade of 2.10 was ranked in the 33rd selection. Finally, the items identified by the Delphi panel were classified into four general indices: retrofit, safety, culture, and planning. In general, it is necessary for the officials of urban water resources, as well as crisis management, must prepare for crisis conditions as well as the correct, principled, and scientific use of available water resources to extract and store rainwater and runoff to use it in crises and disrupt the general water supply system.}, Keywords = {Alternative water, Urban watershed management, Strategic mManagement, Water recycling, Delphi method}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {255-267}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.42411}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3988-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3988-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Motamedi, M. and Eshghizadeh, H. R. and Nematpour, A. and Gohari, A. and Safa, B.}, title = {Climate Change Impacts on Climate-Agronomic Indicators of Wheat Growth in an Arid Region: A case study of Isfahan Province, Iran}, abstract ={World climate change is an accepted important subject but its negative effects are severe in arid and semi-arid areas of Iran. So, in the present study, two climate scenarios including RCP 8.5 (critical scenario) and RCP 4.5 (moderate scenario) during 2020, 2030, and 2040 decades and their effects on temperature changes in the wheat growth period in five cities of Isfahan province including Isfahan, Najaf Abad, Chadegan, Burkhar, and Meimeh have been investigated. The survey of temperature changes during wheat growth in the next decades showed that Burkhar, Isfahan, Najaf Abad, Chadegan, and Meimeh, respectively will experience more days with a temperature higher than 30°C in 2020, 2030, and 2040 decades than the mean of two recent years (2017-2018). Furthermore, in comparison with present conditions, the most changes in the number of days with a temperature higher than 30°C in next decades climates (2020, 2030, and 2040 decades) will be in Burkhar, Meimeh, Chadegan, Najaf Abad, and Isfahan, respectively. The range of changes percent in the number of days higher than 30°C in next climate conditions rather than present condition will be varied between 5 percent (Isfahan) till 97 percent (Burkhar). The changes percent in all studied cities were more in RCP 8.5 than RCP 4.5. During wheat growth, the number of days less than zero°C will be less in Isfahan, Burkhar, and Meimeh while will be more in Najaf Abad and Chadegan. The evaporation- transpiration will be increased in the next decades during wheat growth. As a result, planning and using compatibility strategies for each city is important to guarantee wheat production.}, Keywords = {Food security, Climate change, Global warming, Wheat}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {269-287}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.32182}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3992-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3992-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kolivand, Z. and Ghazimoradi, Sh. and kilanehei, F. and Naeini, O.}, title = {Determination of a Model to Predict Effluent COD of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor in Treating a Synthetic Municipal Wastewater for Agricultural and Irrigation Reuse}, abstract ={The reuse of treated wastewater in countries such as Iran that suffers from drought is considered an important challenge in water management programs. The application of modern wastewater treatment systems particularly attached growth systems, owing to the short time required for start-up, low land requirements, and the absence of problems associated with sludge handling may be a resolution. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) in treating synthetic municipal wastewater and selecting an appropriate model. In this way, a bench-scale reactor possessing an effective volume of 15 liters, and synthetic wastewater with influent COD of 500 mg/l (similar to typical municipal wastewater) has been used and the experiments with media filling percentages of 30%, 50%, and 70% and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4, 8, and 12 hours have been carried out. The observed data show that the optimum bulk density and hydraulic retention time are 50% and 4 hours, respectively. Also, the kinetic study of reactor performance indicates that Grau second-order model has better conformation with Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor results. In addition, a regression model for predicting effluent COD based on the filling percentage and retention time is presented.}, Keywords = {Municipal wastewater treatment, Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors, Kinetic Model, Hydraulic Retention Time, MBBR}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {289-302}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.41961}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3945-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3945-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Motaghian, H. and Shirmohammadi, M. and Hosseinpur, A.}, title = {Assessment of Several Extractants for the Determination of Fe Availability to Corn (Zea mays L.) and its Critical Level in Some Calcareous Soils}, abstract ={Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants and its deficiency occurs in calcareous soils. However, a suitable extractant for the estimation of plant-available Fe and its critical level in calcareous soils depends on the type of soil and plant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate several chemical extractants to estimate available Fe and its critical level for corn growing in calcareous soils from Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province. The amount of available Fe was measured by DTPA-TEA, AB-DTPA, 0.01 M calcium chloride, Mehlich IІ, and Mehlich ІІI extractants. At the end of the experiment, corn was harvested, and dry weight, Fe concentration in the plant, and the amount of Fe uptake by corn were determined. Extracted Fe had a significant correlation with all extractants used with maize indices. . The highest correlation coefficients were determined between the DTPA-TEA (0.32-0.94) and AB-DTPA (0.43–0.96) methods and the plant indices. The results of this research showed that the DTPA-TEA and AB-DTPA methods were the most suitable extractants for predicting available Fe content in these soils and the critical level of Fe extracted by these extractants was 2.81 and 3.67 mg kg-1.}, Keywords = {Available Fe, Criticlal level, Corn, Soil chemical extractants}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {303-314}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.2.157710}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4008-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4008-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghanbari, H. and mamizadeh, J. and Valizadeh, M.}, title = {Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Water Hammer in Water Conveyance Pipeline and Effect of Surge Tower Pipe in Controlling this Phenomenon}, abstract ={Water hammer is one of the unsteady flows in urban water distribution networks, which has been of great importance due to the damage caused to the pipeline and has always been of interest to researchers. In this study, the phenomenon of water hammer due to the sudden closure of the valve in the downstream end has been investigated in a laboratory and using a numerical model. In the laboratory section of the study, the effect of flow changes with control equipment and without control equipment on the maximum and minimum height of pressure wave head was investigated. The results showed that the proper performance of the surge tower pipe in reducing the maximum pressure wave as well as improving the negative pressures in the system. In a maximum discharge of 35.75 liters per minute, surge tower pipe reduced pressure wave head by a maximum of 70.40%. In a minimum discharge of 7.70 liters per minute, the surge tower pipe reduced the height of maximum pressure by 34.82%. Also, in minimum discharge, surge tower pipe has improved the minimum pressure wave head by more than 78%. AFT Impulse numerical model was used to analyze the water hammer. The results of the numerical model were examined in a benchmark problem using a characteristic method and its validity was confirmed. Simulation of laboratory model with numerical software showed that this software only predicts the first wave properly when water hammer produces negative pressures, but in the next cycles it does not show the depreciation rate of the pressure wave, properly.}, Keywords = {Water hammer, water conveyance pipeline, surge tower pipe, negative pressure}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.21252}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4046-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4046-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {ahmadzadeh, H. and FakheriFard, A. and ghorbani, M.A and tajrishy, M.}, title = {Regional Analysis of Hydrological Drought in Ajichai Basin Using RDI Index}, abstract ={In drought risk management, the regional analysis of drought is significant. In this paper, this important issue is investigated by presenting the new hydrological regional drought index (RDI). For this purpose, the Ajichai basin was selected as the study area. First, the time series of the streamflow drought index (SDI) was calculated for each of the hydrometric stations in the basin f regional analysis of hydrological drought. Then, to determine the homogeneous regions in terms of hydrological drought, the k-means method was used for clustering analysis. Based on the clustering results, 6 Homogeneous regions were identified in the basin. For each of these regions, the time series of the RDI index was calculated from 1365 to 1393. The results showed that during the study period in each of the regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, mild Wet and mild drought has occurred at 82.1, 80.1, 78.9, 83.3, and 84.3 percent of regions, respectively. Also, the total percentage of drought events (moderate and high) is higher than the total percentage of wet events (moderate and high) in all regions. So, during the study period, the total percentage of drought events (moderate and high) is more than twice the total percentage of wet events (moderate and high) in regions 2 and 3.}, Keywords = {Regional analysis of drought, SDI, Clustering, RDI, Homogeneous regions, Ajichai basin}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {13-30}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.42951}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4052-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4052-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Abedi-Koupai, J. and Rahimi, S. and Eslamian, S.}, title = {Effects of Climate Change on the Probability of Occurrence of the First Fall Frost and the Last Spring Frost (Case Study: Isfahan)}, abstract ={Changing the date of the first fall frost and the last spring frost is an important phenomenon in agriculture that can be one of the consequences of global warming. Using general circulation models (GCMs) is a way to study future climate. In this study, observations of temperature and precipitation were weighted by using Mean Observed Temperature-Precipitation (MOTP) method. This method considers the ability of each model in simulating the difference between the mean simulated temperature and mean precipitation in each month in the baseline period and the corresponding observed values. The model that had more weight, selected as the optimum model because it is expected that the model will be valid for the future. But, these models are not indicative of stationary climate change due to their low spatial resolution. Therefore, in this research, the outputs of GCM models are based on the three emission scenarios A2 and B1 and A1B, downscaled by LARS-WG for Isfahan station. The data were analyzed by SPSS software at a 95% confidence level (P<0.05). The results indicated that in the Isfahan in the future period 2020-2049 based on the three scenarios, as compared with baseline period 1971-2000, the first fall frost will occur later and the last spring frost will occur earlier. The first fall frost will occur later for 2 days (based on the A1B emission scenario) to 5 days (based on the A2 emission scenario) and the last spring frost will occur earlier for 2 days (based on the and B1 emission scenario) to 4 days (based on the A2 emission scenario). Finally, the best distribution functions for the first fall frost and the last spring frost for the baseline period and under climate change were selected and compared using the EasyFit software.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Climate change, First fall frost, Last spring frost, LARS-WG model, GCMs}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {31-44}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.49822}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3034-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3034-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Nasiri, Sh. and Ansari, H. and Ziaei, A.N.}, title = {Analysis of Groundwater Balance of Samalqan Plain Aquifer Using SWAT and MODFLOW Models}, abstract ={Reducing surface water resources and successive droughts and consequently excessive use of groundwater resources, especially for agricultural purposes, have caused irreparable damage to the natural resources of the country. In the meantime, knowing the status of the water balance of the plain can help to effective management of water resources in the region. Samalqan plain is located in a semi-arid climate in North Khorasan Province. Since the surface water resources for water supply are not very reliable, so, the main source of water supply in the region is well. Due to the existence of rivers in the plain, the low thickness of the alluvium, groundwater level fluctuations, and the high uncertainty in the calculation of hydrodynamic coefficients, the need for careful hydrogeological studies and determining the role of each parameter affecting groundwater is necessary. This study was conducted to simulate the Samalqan aquifer and analysis of water balance for the years 2003 to 2013 using the MODFLOW model. To identify the groundwater recharge rate, this component was estimated by the SWAT model. Calibration and validation of the model with an error of 1.1% and 1.2%, respectively, indicated that an appropriate estimation between the simulated and observed heads. Assessment of the groundwater hydrograph in the observation wells showed that the groundwater level in most places has many monthly and seasonal fluctuations. After drawing the potential lines of the plain, the inputs and outputs were identified, and using the reserve volume changes, the water balance was determined. The results showed that the water balance of the plain was negative and the reservoir deficit was estimated at 9.14 million cubic meters. Therefore, this model can be used to predict the future situation of aquifer and the management of water resources in the region.}, Keywords = {Groundwater level, Recharge, Water balance, River-aquifer interaction, SWAT, MODFLOW}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {45-57}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.41772}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4048-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4048-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {NooriKhajeBalagh, H. and Mousavi, F.}, title = {Effects of Climate Change on Quantity and Quality of Urban Runoff in a Part of Karaj Watershed Based on RCP Scenarios}, abstract ={In the present study, CanESM2 climate change model and stormwater management model (SWMM) were employed to investigate the climate change effects on the quantity and quality of urban runoff in a part of Karaj watershed, Alborz Province. The base period (1985-2005) and future period (2020-2040) are considered for this purpose. Based on the existing main and lateral drainage system and to be more accurate, the watershed was divided into 37 sub-watersheds by ArcGIS software. To simulate rainfall-runoff, the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve has been prepared for a 2-hour duration and 10-year return period, for the base period and RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios based on the obtained precipitation data from Karaj synoptic station. Results showed that mean 24-hour precipitation values in RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios will increase by 21% and 11%, respectively, and maximum 24-hour precipitation values will decrease by 17% and 23%, respectively, as compared to the observed values in the base period. Also, based on the results of quantitative and qualitative runoff modeling in the study watershed, and according to the outflow hydrograph in the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the outlet runoff discharge will decrease by 5.8% and 7.1%, respectively. Also, the flooded areas in the watershed will decrease by 13% and 15.28%, respectively. The concentration of pollutants in the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, compared to the base period, including total suspended solids (TSS), will increase by 7.48% and 9.24%, total nitrogen (TN) will increase by 6.93% and 8.48%, and lead (Pb) will increase by 7.32% and 8.91%, respectively.}, Keywords = {Climate change, Rainfall simulation, Quality of urban runoff, Pollutants’ concentration}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {59-78}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.1013}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4035-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4035-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Norouzi, A. and Ansari, M.R.}, title = {Evaluation of the Efficiency of the CA-Markov Model in Predicting Spat-Temporal Changes of Land Use in Dust Source of South and Southeast Ahwaz}, abstract ={At present, the occurrence of dust storms is one of the most important environmental problems in Khuzestan Province, and the south and southeast regions of Ahwaz have been recognized as one of the interior dust sources and are the priority of corrective operations. Given that land use change is one of the desertification factors in the mentioned region, therefore, modeling its changes is necessary and provides useful information for planners to control and revive the degraded lands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the CA-Markov model in predicting land use changes in the dust source of south and southeast of Ahwaz based on two long-term and short-term approaches. In the long-term approach, land use maps of 1986 and 2002 years and in the short-term approach, land use maps of 2002 and 2007 years have been used to predict land use for the year 2016 and then the simulation results were validated. The results showed that the values ​​of allocation error, quantity error, and kappa coefficient for the long-term approach were 42.55%, 13.95%, and 0.08 respectively, and for the short-term approach were 12.56%, 10.42%, and 0.22 respectively, which indicates the weak ability of the CA-Markov model to evaluate the desertification trend in the dust Source of south and southeast Ahwaz. Use of uniform transition rule throughout the simulation period without considering the factors and processes affecting land use change, the non-same trend of land use change during study periods, changes due to human activities, drought, and long forecast period can be the reasons for the poor performance of the CA-Markov model to predict the desertification trend the dust Source of south and southeast Ahwaz.}, Keywords = {Remote sensing, Simulation, Drought, Desertification, Kappa coefficient}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {79-94}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.39922}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4086-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4086-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Abedinzadeh, M. and Bakhshandeh, A. and Andarziyan, B. and Jafari, S. and Moraditelavat, M}, title = {Optimization and Management of Water Consumption in SugarCane Using the AquaCrop Simulation Model (Case Study: Amirkabir Industrial Cultivation, Khuzestan)}, abstract ={Iran is located in the dry belt of the earth and is predicted to face water stress in the next half-century. Currently, the area of sugarcane cultivation in Khuzestan is over 85,000 hectares and due to the high water needs of sugarcane and drought conditions, optimization of water consumption and irrigation management is necessary to continue production. Therefore, in this study, the values of soil moisture, canopy cover, biomass yield in five treatments and irrigation levels (start of irrigation at 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% soil moisture discharge) during 2 planting dates in the crop year 2015-2016 on sugarcane cultivar CP69-1062 in Amirkabir sugarcane cultivation and industry located in the south of Khuzestan was simulated by AquaCrop model. The measured data on the first culture date (D1) and the second culture date (D2) were used to calibrate and validate the model.  The results of NRMSE statistics in canopy cover simulation in calibration and validation sets with values of 2.1 to 15.6% and 3.8 to 18.3%, respectively, and in biomass simulation with values of 6.2 to 15.2%, and 9.5 to 12.6%, respectively and coefficient of determination (R2), range 0.98 to 0.99 indicated that the high ability of the AquaCrop model in simulation canopy cover and biomass yield. whereas, the values of NRMSE of soil depth moisture in the calibration and validation sets ranged from 11.6 to 23.8, and 12.2 to 22.7, respectively, with a coefficient of determination (R2), 0.73 to 0.96 (calibration) 0.8 to 0.93 (validation) showed less accuracy of the model in the simulation. The best scenario is related to the third proposal that water consumption, water use efficiency, and yield are 1710 mm, 1.53, and 42.27 tons per hectare, respectively, which shows a reduction in water consumption of 360 mm.}, Keywords = {Calibration, Validation, Irrigation treatment, Canopy cover, Biomass}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {95-114}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.43091}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4069-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4069-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Asgharisaraskanrood, S. and Modirzadeh, R.}, title = {Estimation of Snow Cover Level in Ardebil and Sarein Cities Using Sensor Data Sentinel2 MSI Satellite}, abstract ={Snow cover is one of the important climatic elements based on which climate change may have a special effect. In general, climate change may be reflected in different climatic elements. Therefore, it is very important to study and measure changes in snow level as one of the important sources of water supply. Ardebil and Sarein cities are located at 48° 18׳ east longitude and 38° 15׳ north latitude. In this study, Sentinel-2 optical satellite was used to monitor the snow cover surface in 2018, and NDVI, S3, NWDI, NDSI, Cloud mask indices were applied to detect snow-covered surfaces using ArcGIS and Snap software. Next, to validate the snow maps extracted from the images, it was compared with the snow data in terrestrial stations using linear regression in MATLAB software and to evaluate the accuracy of the model statistical indices including RMSE, MSE, BIAS, CORR were used. The present study showed that according to Ardabil city climatic conditions, maximum-snow covered area in January with an area of 356.52 km2 and minimum snow-covered area in March with an area of 96.10 km2. The highest snow cover is observed in the high slope areas in the western slopes (Sabalan Mountain Heights) and the lowest snow cover is observed in the lower eastern slopes. The results of linear regression with generalization coefficient are 85% and the results of statistical indices of error are equal to MSE: 0.086, BASAS: 0.165, CORR: 0.924, and RMSE: 0.03. Correlation relationships between terrestrial data and estimated snow maps showed a high degree of correlation. This result is statistically significant at the 99% level. The use of optical images in estimating snow levels is very cost-effective due to the size of the areas and the high cost of installing snowmobiles. The results obtained in the present study indicated that traditional radar images with high spatial resolution and good correlation with terrestrial data can be a good alternative to snowmobiling ground stations at high altitudes or in passable areas.}, Keywords = {Snow coverage level, Sentinel-2, NDSI index, S3 index, Sarein, Ardebil}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {115-130}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.42841}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4034-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4034-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Gholami, L. and KhalediDarvisan, A. and Karimi, N.}, title = {Variability of Sediment Components with Application of Vermicompost and Nano-manure and Various Moisture Levels}, abstract ={Soil loss can cause many intra-regional and extra-regional problems, on the other hand, the effect of soil moisture on processes of soil loss and sediment yield for the identification and simulation of soil hydrological response is necessary. Therefore, the application of soil conditioners is essential for soil and water conservation. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of soil conditioners of vermicompost and nano-manure on variables of soil loss and sediment concentration at moistures of air-dried, 15 and 30%, and rainfall intensities of 50 and 90 mm h-1. The obtained results in addition to confirmation of the significant effect of each conservation treatment at the level of 99 percent on the intended components showed that the conservation treatment of vermicompost compared to nano-manure treatment had more effect on measured variables. Also, the conservation treatment of vermicompost could decrease the soil loss at soil moisture air-dried, 15, and 30 percent with rates of 72.15, 66.63, and 78.76 percent (50 mm h-1), respectively, and 45.01, 35.57, and 10.45 percent (of 90 mm h-1), respectively. The effect of conservation treatments, soil moistures, and rainfall intensity and the interaction effects of conservation treatments × rainfall intensity and rainfall intensity × soil moisture on changes of soil loss and sediment concentration were significant at the level of 99 percent. The application of vermicompost and nano-manure had acceptable results on studied parameters but the vermicompost effect was more than nano-manure. Therefore, due to the widespread use of different types of conditioners, nowadays, it is needed to move the application feasibility of conditioners such as vermicompost and nano-manure that these have not the adverse effects of environmental.}, Keywords = {Soil amendments, Soil erosion, Soil antecedent moisture, Sediment concentration, Laboratory plot}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {131-143}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.38983}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4036-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4036-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Jafari, R. and Sanati, H.}, title = {Identification of Dust Sources and Storms in the South of Kerman Province Using Remote Sensing Data}, abstract ={The southern regions of Kerman Province have repeatedly encountered dust storms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify dust sources using effective parameters such as vegetation cover, land surface temperature, soil moisture, soil texture, and slope as well as to detect dust storms originating from these regions based on 31 MODIS images in 2016 and SRTM data. After normalizing parameters, the dust source map was prepared by fuzzy logic and assessed with an error matrix and available dust source map. Results showed that 30.5% of the study area was classified as a low source of dust, 39.55% as moderate, and 29.85% as severe-very severe. The overall accuracy of the produced map was about 70% and the producer and user accuracy of the severe-very severe class was more than 87%. The detection of dust storms originated from the identified dust sources also confirmed a crisis situation in the region. Due to the repeatability and continuity of obtained dust source map at pixel scale, it can be used to update available dust source maps and manage dust crisis in the region, properly.}, Keywords = {Jazmurian, Dust source, Vegetation, Soil moisture, Land surface temperature}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {145-158}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.13894}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4066-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4066-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Savari, Z. and Hojati, S. and TaghizadehMehrjerdi, R.}, title = {Digital Mapping of Surface Soil Salinity in Khuzestan Province, Using Regression Kriging}, abstract ={Soil salinity and its development are the main problems that should be prevented by correct management methods. Recognition of saline districts and the preparation of salinity maps are the first steps in this way. Nowadays, the application of auxiliary data in digital soil mapping is increasing due to the current associated problems in the preparation of traditional maps. The objectives of this study were to map soil salinity by the Regression Kriging (RK) method,  to identify areas with high salinity, and to investigate the relationship between soil salinity and soil-forming factors in Khuzestan Province. For this purpose, 291 surface soil samples (0-10 cm) were randomly collected in April 2014. Auxiliary variables or soil-forming factors were included in the land parameters such as slope, watershed and wetness index, OLI and TIRS images of Landsat 8, and the category maps (soil, land use, and geological maps). Also, kriging approaches were used to compare the precision of different mapping methods. The results indicated that the Regression Kriging method has a higher precision compared with other methods so that the coefficient of determination, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were estimated as 0.84, 0.41, and 6.21, respectively. The Decision Tree Regression method could also create a good relationship between soil salinity and auxiliary variables. The results showed that some auxiliary variables were more effective on the prediction of soil salinity including 2, 4, 5, and 7 bands of Landsat 8, Brightness Index, Wetness Index, Multiresolution index of Valley Bottom Flatness (MrVBF), Channel Network Base Level (CNBL), NDVI, SAVI and soil map. A Digital map of soil salinity was prepared by the obtained rules, and then it was assimilated with the map of error of variance to prepare the final soil salinity map. Accordingly, soil salinity was found to have an increasing trend from north to south in Khuzestan Province which indicates a salinity problem in the south of the Province. The main reasons for the high salinity in the south and southwestern parts of the area could be attributed to the high water table levels, differences in topography, capillary movement of salt to the soil surface, the difference in the type of land uses, and also groundwater quality and irrigation water which is altered by the frequent application of wastewaters and animal manures.}, Keywords = {Digital maps, Decision tree, Spatial distribution, Salinity}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {159-175}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.24654}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4083-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4083-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghodspour, M. and SaraiTabrizi, M. and Saremi, A. and KardanMoghadam, H. and Akbari, M.}, title = {Two-Objective Simulation-Optimization Model for Cropping Pattern and Water Allocation in Semnan Plain}, abstract ={The application of simulation-optimization models is a valuable tool for selecting the appropriate cropping pattern. The main objective of this research is to develop a two-objective simulation-optimization model to determine the pattern of cultivation and water allocation. The model performs the optimization with the multi-objective metamorphic algorithm (MOALO) after simulating different states of the cultivation pattern. The decision variables including land and water allocated to ten-day periods of plant growth were designed in a way that the minimum utilization of water resources and economic maximization were identified as target functions. The developed model was used to simulate and optimize the cultivation pattern with an area of ​​5500 hectares and water allocation of Semnan plain with renewable water at the rate of 60.8 million cubic meters. Harvesting scenarios of 80 (GW80) and 100 (GW100) percent of renewable groundwater and scenarios of change in existing cropping pattern of 30 (AC30) and 60 (AC60) percent were considered and each scenario was simulated with the MOALO algorithm. Optimization using the proposed model in four scenarios improved the water and economic objective functions compared to the initial simulation performance. The results showed that the four proposed scenarios were obtained by minimizing the water objective function and maximizing the economic objective function relative to the current situation (simulation). In general, the proposed model had a good performance despite its simplicity, which is a specialized tool to optimize the crop pattern with water allocation.}, Keywords = {Simulation-optimization model, Cropping pattern, Water allocation, MOALO algorithm}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {177-189}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.7493}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4067-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4067-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Khosravani, P. and Baghernejad, M. and Abtahi, A. and Ghasemi, R.}, title = {Comparison of the Efficiency of Soil Taxonomy (2014) and WRB (2015) Systems in the Study of Soil Variations in Different Landform Positions}, abstract ={Soil classification in a standard system is usually defined based on information obtained from properties and their variations in different map units. The aim of this study was to compare soil genesis and morphological characteristics in different landforms with WRB and Soil Taxonomy (ST) Systems. From nine studied profiles, six profiles were selected as representative profiles and dug in Colluvial fans, Piedmont plain, and Alluvial plain physiographic units, respectively. Then, the soils were classified according to the pattern of the two systems. Also, variation analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparing means were used to quantify interested soil properties. The results of soil physio-chemical properties at different landform positions were significant based on analysis of variance of the effect of physiographic units and soil depth at the level of 1 %. Soil classification results based on WRB indicated that WRB were recognized four reference soil groups (RSG) included Regosols, Cambisols, Calcisols, and Gleysols at the first level of WRB classification in comparison of ST with recognizing two order Entisols and Inceptisols could separate more soils. The soils were located on the alluvial plain with a high groundwater level in the WRB due to the creation of restrictive conditions for root development in contrast to the ST called “Aquepts” in the suborder level but in a WRB is classified as the “Gleysols” RSG. On the other hand, ST, unlike WRB, used the Shallow criteria at the family level to describe the shallowness of soils and the limitations of root development. Generally, the efficiency of each system varies despite the differences in their structure and depending on the purpose of using them.}, Keywords = {Geomorphic surface, Soil classification, Clay mineralogy, Soil morphological properties}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {191-207}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.42711}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4019-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4019-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Meshkavatitoroujeni, J. and dehghani, A.A. and ٍEmadi, A. and Masoudian, M.}, title = {Experimental Study of Discharge Coefficient at the Dentate Trapezoidal Labyrinth Weir}, abstract ={One of the crucial problems that exist in the irrigation networks is the fluctuation of the water surface flow in the main channel and changes in the flow rate of the intake structure. One of the effective methods to decrease these fluctuations is increasing the weir crest length at the given width of the channel with the use of the labyrinth weirs can be achieved for this purpose. The labyrinth weir is the same linear weir that is seen as broken in the plan view. In this study, a labyrinth weir with a length of 3.72 m, three different heights of 15, 17, and 20 cm, three different shapes of dentate (rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal), and a linear weir were used in a recirculating flume with 15 m length and 1 m width. The result showed that for a given length and height of weir, with the increasing of the upstream water head to the weir height ratio (), the discharge coefficient decreases. The results showed that by increasing weir height, the discharge coefficient decreases for a given length of the weir. Linear weir and labyrinth weir without dentate create more water depth at the upstream by 3.3 and 1.2 fold compared with dentate labyrinth weir.}, Keywords = {Flow discharge, Trapezoidal labyrinth weir, Hydraulic structure, Dentate, Experimental investigation}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {209-224}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.41781}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3928-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3928-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sayadi, M. and Khosravi, H. and Zareh, S. and Ahmadali, Kh. and Bagheri, S.}, title = {Predicting the Future of Desertification in Tehran Province Affected by Climate Change and Human Activities}, abstract ={Desertification is a phenomenon that has more destructive effects in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid regions than in other regions. This paper tries to provide a map of the future of desertification in Tehran Province, for futurism in the face of land degradation and desertification. The IMDPA model was used to evaluate land degradation and desertification. To use this model and evaluate desertification, three criteria of groundwater including groundwater depletion, electrical conductivity, and sodium adsorption ratio indices, climate criterion including precipitation, aridity, and drought indices, and land use criteria were selected as key criteria effected on desertification according to regional conditions. Land use index map with IGBP standard and zoning map of other indicators were prepared by IDW method for 2011 and 2016. The maps of land use index and other indices were predicted using the CA-Markov model in TerrSet software, and using the RBF method in artificial neural network toolbox, respectively. Scoring based on the IMDPA model, the maps of indices and criteria maps were prepared for 2011, 2016, and 2021. Finally, the desertification intensity map was calculated by geometric averaging for all three criteria for all three time periods. The results showed that 59.78% and 40.22% of the area of Tehran Province were in the low and medium classes, respectively. However, in 2016, the area of the medium class has increased to a 44.8%, and it is predicted that this increase will continue until 2021 so that 47.65% of the area of Tehran Province will be in the medium class. In addition, in this year, about 1% of the area of Tehran Province will be allocated to the high class in the western regions, which did not exist in the previous two periods. In general, due to human activities, the intensity of desertification in the western and southern parts of the province is higher than in the eastern and northern regions.}, Keywords = {IMDPA model, CA–Markov model, RBF neural network, IGBP standard, Land use}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {225-244}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.24306}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4062-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4062-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rahimian, M.H. and AbediKoupaei, J.}, title = {Estimation of Seasonal Capillary Rise and its Relationship with Evapotranspiration and Soil Salinization in Khuzestan Region}, abstract ={Soil salinization is a phenomenon that threatens agricultural lands and natural areas, leading to reduced productivity, declinations of soil resources and vegetation covers, and finally, the abandonment of these areas. This study has quantified the groundwater Capillary Rise (CR) and actual Evapotranspiration (ETa) and their relationship with the soil salinity of Azadegan plain, west of Khuzestan Province. The study area has an arid climate, characterized by shallow and saline water table and a high potential evaporation rate. For this purpose, field samplings were carried out in four consecutive seasons of the year to measure salinity, soil moisture, and texture, groundwater table, and salinity at 27 scattered representative points of the study area. The CR values were estimated in different seasons of the year using UPFLOW model. Moreover, four representative Landsat satellite images were acquired to map seasonal changes of ETa through the SEBAL algorithm. Then, the effects of ETa on CR and consequent soil salinity build up were quantified in a seasonal time scale. The results showed that the average daily ETa of Azadegan plain varied from 1.55 to 7.96 mm day-1 in different seasons which caused a capillary rise of around 1.2 to 1.5 mm.day-1. This has led to the upward movement of 12 to 18.8 ton ha-1  month-1 of salts from shallow groundwater to the soil surface, which has caused surface soil salinization. Also, there was a close relationship between ETa, CR, and soil salinity parameters, which can provide insight into modeling of spatial and temporal changes of soil salinity and provision of solutions to reduce the accumulation of solutes in the soils of the study area.}, Keywords = {UPFLOW model, ROSETTA model, SEBAL model, Secondary soil salinization, Azadegan Plain}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {245-260}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.35773}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4055-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4055-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Asadi, F.Z. and Fazloula, R. and Emadi, A.}, title = {Evaluation of Efficiency of Sediment Transfer Functions in GSTARS Numerical Model}, abstract ={Investigating and understanding river change issues is one of the important factors in sediment hydraulic sciences and river engineering. These studies can be done with the help of physical, mathematical models, or both, but due to financial and time constraints, mathematical models are more general and often used. In this study, the GSTARS model was used to investigate erosion and sedimentation and select the most appropriate function in 12.5 km in length from the Talar river in Mazandaran Province. Simulation using the 55 sections taken in 2006, the daily flow data of the hydrometric station of the Shirgah, located at the beginning of the rich and characteristics of the river sediment, was done. The calibration and validation of the model with cross sections taken in 2012 showed that Yang's sediment transport equation has the highest correlation with reality and can be used to predict river change. The amount of sediment depleted from the case study using the Yang equation is estimated at 8590 tons per year. Also, the study of longitudinal profiles of the river with different sediment transfer functions showed that the study reach at the end range has an erosion trend and is not capable of sand and gravel mining.}, Keywords = {Bed changes, Talar river, Numerical simulation, Erosion and sedimentation, Sediment calibration}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {261-273}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.42781}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4027-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4027-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Pajouhesh, M. and Shekohideh, H. and Heydari, Z.}, title = {Assessing the Trend of Spatial Land Use Changes of Karun 3 Dam in the Period 1991 to 2018}, abstract ={Land use changes identifying to assess and monitor sensitive areas for sustainable planning and land management is essential. Remote sensing and the use of GIS technology as some of the most common methods in the world in monitoring land changes, especially, in the study of large areas. In this study, the trend of spatial land use changes in the area of Karun 3 dam was investigated. in the before and after the construction periods and dam intake using remote sensing and GIS over 27 years. In this study, the satellite imagery of Landsat 5 TM sensors from 1991 and 2008 and Landsat 8 OLI sensors in 2018 were analyzed and processed. Using object-oriented classification with land use maps for the three periods 1991, 2008, and 2018 with the overall accuracy of the Kappa index of 0.93 and 0.89 percent for 1991, 0.94, and 0.88 percent in 2008 and 0.93, respectively, and 0.86% in 2018 was prepared. The results showed that the water use of the region with an area of 37.68 square kilometers is increasing and agricultural lands and residential areas with an area of 1349.04 and 226.56, respectively, forest lands with an area of 1041.49 remained as the dominant cover of the region and rangelands by going through a decreasing trend of increase in both periods after forest use, with an area of 878.87, they had the largest area. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the construction of the Karun 3 dam has caused the flooding of agricultural lands and their conversion to another use, as a result of which the villagers were forced to migrate due to losing their jobs and abandoned residential areas become other uses.}, Keywords = {Karun 3 dam, Satellite images, Object-oriented classification, Land use changes}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {275-288}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.40053}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4057-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4057-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Vaezi, A. and Zarrinabadi, E. and Salehi, Y.}, title = {Rain Water Use Efficiency of Rainfed Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as Affected by Tillage Direction in Slope}, abstract ={The effective use of rainwater is a key issue in agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions. The tillage system as an important soil management measure can affect the rainwater retention, soil moisture content, and in consequence crop yield in rainfed lands. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of slope gradient and tillage direction on rainwater use efficiency (RWUE) in rainfed lands in Zanjan Province. The field experiment was performed in five slope gradients (12.6, 15.3, 17, 19.4, and 22%) and two tillage directions (along slope and on contour tillage) at two replications. Mass soil water content was determined at 5-day intervals and runoff was measured after rainfalls. Wheat grain yield was determined for each plot and RWUE was computed using the proportion of wheat grain yield and precipitation. Base on the results, runoff, soil moisture, wheat grain yield, and RWUE were affected by tillage directions, so that runoff in contour line tillage decreased about 6.4 times compared to along slope tillage and in consequence increased soil moisture, wheat grain yield, and RWUE about 8.7, 24.8, and 24.8%, respectively. Increasing runoff production in contour line tillage at steeper slopes was associated with a lower capacity of cultivated furrows that strongly declined soil water retention and negatively affected wheat grain yield and RWUE in the lands. This study revealed that the efficiency of the contour tillage in water retention and RWUE decreases in steeper slopes in rainfed lands.}, Keywords = {Precipitation, Conservation tillage, Runoff, Wheat yield, Soil moisture content}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {289-304}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.12742}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3958-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3958-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Pakmanesh, M. and MousaviJahromi, H. and Khosrojerdi, A. and HassanpourDarvishi, H. and Babazadeh, Hossei}, title = {Analysis of Earth Dam Body Behavior under Rapid Drawdown Conditions in Reservoir Water Level by Laboratory and Numerical Methods}, abstract ={The present study is investigated the earth dam stability during drawdown based on both numerical and experimental aspects. To validate the numerical model, a model was performed experimentally. Some soil mechanic tests were carried out through the hydraulic experiments to attain the usage factors of the numerical investigation. To investigate the effect of hydraulic conductivity on the rapid drop of water level and the use of hydraulic parameters of materials, seepage flow in the model was modeled by seep/w software. The input information to the software including hydraulic conductivity and water volume were measured by performing a constant load test and using a disc penetration meter, respectively. After validation of hydraulic conductivity with the experimental model, the results were compared with observed data. Comparison between numerical and laboratory discharge illustrated that the numerical model with laboratory model is well confirmed. In addition, saturated and unsaturated simulations demonstrated that the unsaturated model is highly consistent with the experimental model. It is assumed that due to the drawdown conditions, unsaturated models can achieve high accuracy for simulating the flow through a homogeneous earth dam.}, Keywords = {Slope stability, Rapid ‎drawdown, Earth dam, Drainage prediction, Seep/w}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {305-318}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.3.43251}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4082-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4082-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Matinzadeh, M.M. and AbediKoupai, J. and Shayannejad, M. and Sadeghi-Lari, A. and Nozari, H.}, title = {Integrated Water and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Using Modeling of System Dynamics Approach in Sugarcane Farmlands with Subsurface Drainage Systems}, abstract ={Using water and fertilizer management at the farm level can be increased water use efficiency and reduce the volume of drainage water, fertilizer losses, and other pollutants in farmland with deep underground drains such as Khuzestan agro-industrial Companies. In the present study, a comprehensive simulation model for the water cycle and the nitrogen dynamics modeling was used for water and fertilizer management modeling on farmland of sugarcane in Imam Agro-Industrial Company using a system dynamics approach. To reduce irrigation water consumption and nitrogen fertilizer losses, five different scenarios were considered including four scenarios of water management consist of 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent reduction in the amount of irrigation water (I1, I2, I3, and I4) compared to the current situation of irrigation in Imam agro-industrial Company (I0), and one scenario of integrated water and fertilizer management (20% reduction in the amount of irrigation water and urea fertilizer 210 Kg/ha, I4F). The results of modeling showed that the scenario of I4F caused to reduce 31, 70, 71, 70, and 85 percent of the cumulative volume of drainage water, cumulative nitrate and ammonium losses, total losses of cumulative nitrate, and ammonium by tile-drain and cumulative losses of denitrification process, respectively. Thus, the implementation of this scenario, not only saves water and fertilizer consumption but also reduces environmental pollution effectively. So the scenario of I4F (amount of irrigation water for six months 2656 mm and urea fertilizer 210 Kg/ha) is recommended for sugarcane in the Imam agro-industrial Company.}, Keywords = {Optimum irrigation water use, Optimal urea fertilizer application, Integrated water and fertilizer management, Denitrification Losses, Matinzadeh et al., (2016) model}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.49828}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3306-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3306-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Vaezi, A.R. and Mohammadi, E.}, title = {Temporal Variation Pattern of Runoff Generation and Rill Erosion in Different Soils and Slope Gradients}, abstract ={This study was conducted to investigate the temporal variations of runoff and rill erosion in various soil textures under different slope gradients. So, a laboratory experiment was set up in three soil textures (loam, clay loam, and sandy clay loam) and four slope gradients (5, 10, 15, and 20%) using the completely randomized design with three replications. Runoff production and rill erosion were measured at a flume with 4 m×0.32 m in dimensions using a simulated water flow with 0.5 lit min-1 in discharge during 30 min. Results indicated that runoff and rill erosion and their interaction were significantly affected by soil texture and slope gradient (P < 0.001). Significant relations were found between rill erosion and runoff both in three soils and four slope gradients, and the strongest relations were in loam (R2= 0.86) and 15% slope gradient (R2= 0.94). Runoff and rill erosion varied considerably in the soil textures and slope gradients during the experiment. A 10-min pick time was found for runoff and rill erosion. In contrast to runoff, rill erosion appeared an irregular and gradual increasing pattern during the experiment which was associated with the frequency of transportable soil particles. Clay loam had more sensitive particles due to a higher percentage of fine particles and weaker structure, and most of them were washed in early times, and finally, rill erosion was reached to a constant pattern. This study revealed that temporal variation patterns of runoff and rill erosion are influenced by soil type (texture and structure) and slope gradient.}, Keywords = {Structure stability, Temporal variability, Particle size distribution, Sensitive soil particles, Pick time}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {19-31}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.12741}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3874-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-3874-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mirzakhani, E. and Motaghian, H. and Hosseinpur, A.}, title = {Interaction of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochars and Salinity on Availability and Fraction of Cadmium in a Clay Loam Calcareous Soil}, abstract ={Pollution of the environment by heavy metals, especially soil pollution with cadmium (Cd), is one of the most important environmental problems. Also, salinization of soils due to a decrease in irrigation water quality reduces plants growth. To investigate the effect of sugarcane bagasse biochars and salinity on Cd available and Cd fractions in a contaminated soil (15 mg kg-1 Cd), an experimental factorial design in a completely randomized design including (1) biochar factor with control, 1% (w/w) bagasse, 1% (w/w) biochar 400 °C and 1% (w/w) biochar 600 °C, and (2) salinity factor with control, 20, and 40 mmol kg-1 as sodium chloride were performed in 3 replications. The amount of available Cd was determined by the DTPA-TEA method and the Cd fractions were determined by Tessier et al. (1979). The results showed that biochar and salinity had no significant effect on soil pH (P > 0.05) but increased soil EC (P < 0.05). Interaction of biochar and salinity was not significant (P > 0.05) on available Cd and Cd fractions. Biochar application reduced Cd -DTPA-TEA (P < 0.05), whereas salinity increased Cd -DTPA-TEA (P < 0.05). Application of biochar prepared at 600 °C reduced (P < 0.05) exchangeable Cd (23.8%) and increased (P < 0.05) Cd associated with iron and manganese oxides (25.2%) and residual (15.6%) compared to the control. The results showed that salinity had no significant effect on the Cd fractions (P > 0.05) and soil treated with sugarcane bagasse biochar can reduce Cd available due to changing the Cd distribution from unstable forms to stable forms.}, Keywords = {Biochar, Salinity, Cadmium, Chemical forms}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {33-46}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.157711}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4093-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4093-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sadeghdoust, F. and Ghanavati, N. and Nazarpour, A.}, title = {Assessment of Sources and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Street Dust of Dezful City}, abstract ={Street dust is mainly affected by the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are a group of organic pollutants consisting of two or more benzene rings and are mainly produced during incomplete combustion. PAHs have attracted widespread attention due to their high carcinogenic and mutagenic properties in humans. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the sources and extent of the impact of these compounds on human health and the environment. To achieve this goal, 30 dust samples were collected from the sidewalks of the main streets of Dezful and the concentration of PAHs was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentration of PAHs in street dust of Dezful varied from 562.85 to 51447.10 μg / kg. The ratio of carcinogenic compounds to total PAHs was in the range between 0.73 to 0.91. Low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs accounted for 12% and 88% of total PAHs, respectively. The most important sources of PAHs in Dezful are the combustion of fossil fuels and petroleum products and emissions from vehicles and traffic. Moreover, incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) in pathways ingestion in children was higher than in adults, but the ILCR in pathways dermal contact and inhalation in adults was higher than in children. The total cancer risk (CR) for children (5.77×10-3) was higher than adults (5.56×10-3), which shows the high potential for CR in the study area.}, Keywords = {Dust, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Pollution assessment, Health risk, Dezful}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {47-61}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.36176}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4091-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4091-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Tavakoli, A.R. and Hokmabadi, H. and naderiArefi, A. and Hajji, A.}, title = {Assessment of Comparative Advantage of Agricultural Crops in Semnan Province Based on Water Productivity}, abstract ={Due to limited access to water, it is necessary to determine the comparative advantage of crops and horticultural products in different parts of the province and identify products that lack the desired productivity. Then, find ways to improve water productivity or replace products with higher comparative advantage with low-yield products. Based on this, the crop and economic productivity index of the province's agricultural and horticultural products under surface irrigation systems was determined. Based on the results of gross economic productivity of horticultural products, pistachio with 48690 Rials per cubic meter had the highest economic productivity, and grapes with 30220 Rials per cubic meter (62% of pistachios) was in second place. In addition, water quality for pistachios can never be generalized for grapes and other crops, and this is a tremendous advantage for pistachios that low-quality water resources can also be used. The lowest gross economic productivity of water for barley, alfalfa, and wheat is equal to 3790, 3990, and 4570 Rials per cubic meter, respectively. The study of fodder corn shows that the net profit from the cultivation of this crop in the surface irrigation system is equal to 51.78 million Rials per hectare and its net profit in the strip drip irrigation system (tape) is equal to 110.87 million Rials, which it has a 2.14-fold increase compared to the conventional irrigation method. The comparative advantage of horticultural products was higher than that of crops, and the replacement and development of orchards instead of some crops is recommended as a solution. In addition, solutions that can be recommended to improve the productivity index include the use of a drip irrigation system (tape) for crops (fodder corn, tomatoes, summer crops, and potatoes) and the use of drip irrigation (normal, subsurface, and subsurface modified drip) for horticultural products. Examination of practical experiences of using tape irrigation system for wheat and barley showed that this method has not improved the agricultural and economic productivity index, which indicates the lack of comparative advantage of wheat and barley cultivation in Semnan Province even with tape irrigation system.}, Keywords = {Applicable water, Cultivation pattern, Water productivity, Yield}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {63-81}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.13162}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4065-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4065-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {SadeghiTalarposhti, R. and Ebrahimi, K. and Horfar, A.}, title = {Assessment of Seasonal Variations of Pollutant Decay Coefficient of Talar River}, abstract ={Protection of rivers’ water quality as the most accessible source of the water supply has always been considered. In this paper, self-purification and the pollution decay coefficient values of Talar River, IRAN were studied based on field measurement of DO, BOD, pH, EC, Nitrate, Phosphate, and Temperature, in four seasons of the year 2018, in tandem with the river simulation and its calibration using QUAL2Kw model and the Streeter-Phelps method. In addition to the modeling and analysis results, the measured laboratory data values of the river water samples are also presented. Based on the results, the DO variations were ranged from 5.15 in summer to 7.47 mg/l in spring and BOD variations ranged from 1.88 in fall to 7.9 mg/l in summer. Also, according to the Streeter-Phelps method the decay coefficient values varied from 1.57 (1/day) in spring to 9.63 (1/day) in fall. The values of the Talar River decay coefficient also varied from 2 in fall to 7.7 (1/day) in summer involving the QUAL2Kw model.}, Keywords = {Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, Coefficient of reaeration, Talar River, Decay coefficient}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {83-96}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.8685}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4059-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4059-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ToghianiKhorasgani, S. and Eslamian, S. and Zareian, M.J}, title = {Investigation of Surface Runoff of Plasjan River Using WetSpa Hydrological Model}, abstract ={In recent decades, water scarcity has become a global problem due to the growth of the world's population as well as the increase in per capita water consumption. Therefore, planning and managing water resources to prevent potential risks such as floods and drought in the future is one of the important measures of water resources management. One of the important measures to avoid potential risks and predict the future is rainfall-runoff modeling. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the WetSpa hydrological model in estimating surface runoff in the Eskandari watershed, which is one of the important sub-basins of the Zayandehrood watershed. In this study, Daran and Fereydunshahr synoptic stations have been used to collect meteorological information in the Eskandari watershed. Also, to study the flow of the Plasjan river, daily data of Eskandari hydrometric station, located at the outlet of the basin, have been used. Climatic data along with digital maps of altitude, soil texture, and land use were entered as input to the WetSpa model. Finally, the ability of the WetSpa model was evaluated in estimating river surface runoff. The observed flow at the basin outlet in the hydrometric station was used to evaluate and calibrate the model. The model was calibrated for the statistical period (1992-2000) and its validation was performed for the statistical period (2001-2004). In the calibration period, the trial and error method were used to calibrate the model parameters. The simulation results showed a good correlation between the simulated flow and the measured flow. In the present study, the Nash Sutcliffe coefficient in the calibration and validation stages was equal to 0.73 and 0.75, respectively which shows the good and acceptable ability of the model in estimating the surface runoff of the study basin.}, Keywords = {Runoff precipitation model, WetSpa model, Sutcliffe Nash coefficient, Eskandari watershed, Plasjan river}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {97-111}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.42961}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4072-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4072-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mehrabi, A. and Heidarpour, M. and Safavi, H. R.}, title = {Maximizing Economic Water Productivity Index in Agriculture in Different Levels of Irrigation}, abstract ={Designing an optimal crop pattern and on-time water allocation of water resources along with deficit irrigation are among the optimal solutions to maximize the water economic efficiency index. In this paper, the simultaneous optimization of crop pattern and water allocation are discussed using the deficit irrigation method. The study area is located west of the Qazvin plain irrigation network. The six different levels of percentage reduction of irrigation rate (0, 0 to 10, 0 to 20, 0 to 30, 0 to 40, and 0 to 50%) in three climatic conditions consist of dry, normal, and wet years were compared. The best irrigation scenario was selected for each year, and the results were compared with the existing crop pattern of the same year. The new crop pattern included the main crops of the region and the addition of rapeseed. The objective was to reach the maximum net benefit per unit volume of water by considering the maximum extraction of monthly and annual surface and groundwater. The results showed that the best scenario in the dry year was maximum deficit irrigation up to 20%, in a normal year full irrigation, and a wet year maximum deficit irrigation up to 10%. The improvement of economic water productivity in a dry year was 52.2%, in a normal year 41.5%, and in a wet year is 19.6% compared to the existing crop pattern. The average percentage of annual irrigation supply increases from 64.3 to 91.7% in a dry year, from 70 to 100% in a normal year, and from 77.5 to 97.1% in a wet year. Also, the relative yield of all crops, especially wheat, alfalfa, and sugar beet significantly increases. Therefore, the gravitational search algorithm as an optimization model can be considered in selecting the suitable crop pattern and allocation of surface and groundwater resources concerning economic benefits in irrigation networks management.}, Keywords = {Crop pattern, Water productivity index, Gravitational search algorithm, Optimization model, Deficit irrigation}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {113-130}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.43041}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4070-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4070-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Amini, M.}, title = {Investigation of Ground Waters Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques (Case Study: Maragheh-Bonab Plain, East Azerbaijan Province)}, abstract ={Investigation and analysis of groundwater quality to monitor contamination and identify the most important pollutants and pollution points is one of the research fields. The objective of this research was to plan to improve groundwater quality on various spatial and temporal scales. Groundwater information of Maragheh-Bonab plain was collected from 26 wells in 10 years (2001-2011) with 454 sampling points from East Azerbaijan Regional Water Organization and was analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques such as DFA and PCA. Analyzed Variables are included Mg, Ca, Cation, K, Na, TDS, TH, SAR, EC, Anion, pH, Cl, SO4, CO3, and HCO3. Results of PCA showed that variables such as cation, HCO3، TDS، SAR، EC، Anion ،Cl, Ca, and TH were identified as important variables which they can great impacts on the groundwater quality of this region and in the other hand DFA showed which mentioned variables can discriminate land uses and geology formations in primary and normal distribution data with power discriminatory of 68.7 %, 92.2 %, and 66.5 %, 89.1 %, respectively. Investigation of the spatial position of elements using interpolation technique in Maragheh-Bonab plain showed that variables concentration in lowlands are high and 20 villages and their surrounding farms are exposed to high contamination risk of groundwater.}, Keywords = {Maragheh-Bonab plain, Multivariate statistical techniques, Groundwater quality}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {131-145}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.35182}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4094-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4094-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Alipour, H. and Jalalian, A. and Honarjoo, N. and Toomanian, N. and Sarmadian, F.}, title = {Evaluation of Heavy Metal Dust Pollution and their Origin in the Atmosphere of Kuhdasht, Lorestan Province}, abstract ={Dust is one of the environmental hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In some areas, under the influence of human activities, dust is contaminated by heavy metals. In this study, the dust of 10 stations in the Kuhdasht region of Lorestan province in four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, as well as adjacent surface soils (a total of 40 dust samples and 10 surface soil samples), were sampled and some heavy metals including Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Mn were analyzed. The results revealed that the amount of Zn in the dust was much higher than the surface soils of the region (800 vs. 85 mg/kg). Contamination factor index calculation indicated that high contamination of Cd and Zn, significant contamination of Ni and Pb, and lack of contamination by Cu and Mn. The annual enrichment factor of Cd (33.9) and Zn (24.6) was very high, Ni (11.3) was significant, Pb (6.4) was moderate, Mn (1) and Cu (0.82) were low. Based on the enrichment factor values, Cd, Zn, and Ni seem to have a human origin, Pb has both human activities and natural origin, and Cu and Mn have an only natural origin.}, Keywords = {Air pollution, Enrichment factor, Pollution factor, Pollution load index, Temperature inversion}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {147-162}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.43141}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4076-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4076-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rezapour, A. and Hosseini, M. and Izady, A.}, title = {Integrated Assessment of Ferizi Watershed Based on Water Accounting Framework Using SWAT Model}, abstract ={Integrated assessment of the watershed is critical in arid and semi-arid areas due to the severe water stress in these regions. Data and information are an essential part of decision making and water governance to obtain integrated water resources management at the watershed scale. Water accounting is a helpful tool to organize information and present them as the standard indicators to achieve this goal. Therefore, the objective of this study is to implement the Water Accounting Plus framework (WA+) in the Ferizi watershed located in the Khorasan-e Razavi Province. In this study, water accounting indicators of the Ferizi watershed for a period of 28 years (1990-2017) and wet (1990-1997) and dry (1998-2009) periods were calculated using the SWAT model. The calculated indicators showed that the amount of manageable water and usefulness of consumption (transpiration) is low in the watershed and a large part of the share of irrigation in the watershed is provided by groundwater resources. Generally, the results of this study showed that the use of the SWAT model, WA+ framework, and analysis of water accounting indicators play a significant role in assessing the agricultural and hydrological conditions of the watershed. The proposed approach in this study can help managers make enlightened decisions to keep the sustainability of the watershed.}, Keywords = {Integrated water resources management, WA+ Water accounting framework, SWAT model, Watershed}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {163-186}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.43531}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4111-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4111-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Elahifar, H. and Tayari, O. and Yazdanpanah, N. and momeni, M.}, title = {Experimental Study of Discharge Coefficient of Symmetric and Asymmetric Rectangular Labyrinth Weirs}, abstract ={The discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirs increases with increasing the crest length in a certain width range. The present research was carried out in a laboratory flume with a length of 8 m, a width of 0.6 m, and a height of 0.6 m. The discharge coefficient of two-cycle symmetric and asymmetric rectangular labyrinth weirs was experimentally measured. The dimensional analysis by the Buckingham π theorem indicated that the discharge coefficient was dependent on Se, B/Wavg, Ht/P, and WL/WR. According to the results, the discharge coefficient decreased with increasing the hydraulic head in the symmetric and asymmetric labyrinth weirs and the linear weir. Asymmetric labyrinth weirs with a WL/WR of 2.05 outperformed symmetric labyrinth weirs with a WL/WR of 1. Quantitatively, the discharge coefficient of the labyrinth weir with a B/Wavg of 3.1 was respectively 21% and 94% higher than that with a B/Wavg of 2.93 and 2.76. The discharge coefficient of the labyrinth weir with a WL/WR of 2.05 was 10-27% higher than that with a WL/WR of 1. The discharge coefficient of the linear weir was 60-250% higher than that of labyrinth weirs.}, Keywords = {Symmetric and asymmetric labyrinth weirs, Discharge coefficient, Weir cycle width ratio, Discharge capacity, Local submergence}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {187-203}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.43261}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4084-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4084-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghasemi-SaadatAbadi, F. and Zand-Parsa, S. and Mahbod, M.}, title = {Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration, Water productivity, and Irrigation Efficiency of Wheat Fields in Surface and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems Using Remote Sensing}, abstract ={In arid and semi-arid regions, water resource management and optimization of applying irrigation water are particularly important. For optimization of applying irrigation water, the estimated values of actual evapotranspiration are necessary for avoiding excessive or inadequate applying water. The estimation of actual crop evapotranspiration is not possible in large areas using the traditional methods. Hence, it is recommended to use remote sensing algorithms for these areas. In this research, actual evapotranspiration of wheat fields was estimated using METRIC algorithm (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration), using ground-based meteorological data and satellite images of Landsat8 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, in 2016-2018. In the process of METRIC execution, cold pixels are located in well-irrigated wheat fields where there is no water stress and maximum crop evapotranspiration occurred. The estimated maximum values of evapotranspiration using the METRIC algorithm were validated favorably using the obtained values by the AquaCrop model with NRMSE (Normalized Root Mean Square Errors) equal to 0.12. Finally, the values of water productivity (grain yield per unit volume of evapotranspiration) and irrigation efficiency were estimated using the values of predicted actual evapotranspiration using remote sensing technique. The values of measured irrigation water and produced wheat grain yield in 179 ha were estimated at 0.86 kg m-3 and 75%, respectively.}, Keywords = {Optimization, METRIC, Water management, Landsat8, Water efficiency, AquaCrop}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {205-219}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.5635}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4100-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4100-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, M. and Lorestani, B. and SobhanArdakani, Soheil and Cheraghi, M. and KianiSadr, M.}, title = {Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Surface Soils from Vicinity of Arad-Kouh Processing and Disposal Complex, Tehran}, abstract ={Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can adversely affect human and environmental health according to long-term half-life and persistence in the environment. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect, identify, and health risk assessment of PCBs in surface soils collected from the vicinity of Arad-Kouh processing and disposal complex, Tehran, in 2020. A total of 30 surface soil samples was collected from 10 sampling sites near the Arad-kouh complex. After extraction of analytes, the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was used to determine PCBs in soil samples. Based on the results, 15 congeners of PCBs were detected in the analyzed soil samples. Also, the minimum, maximum, and mean concentrations of total PCBs (µg/kg) were 269, 434, and 359, respectively. Moreover, the results of PCA and significant contribution values of low molecular weight homologs indicated that the presence of PCB compounds in the soil samples was connected with combustion processes in the soil. Besides, as among the detected PCBs, the TEF values only established for PCB105 showed that exposure to contaminated soil could be lead to a moderate level of carcinogenic risk through PCB105. Given that PCBs have adverse effects on the environment and human health, detecting, determining the concentration, source identification, and periodical monitoring of these compounds in different mediums to human health maintenance is strongly recommended.}, Keywords = {Arad-Kouh processing and disposal center, Surface soil, Municipal solid waste, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Tehran}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {221-238}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.43541}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4114-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4114-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {MotavallizadehNaeini, M. and modarres, R.}, title = {Dust Storm Frequency in Connection with Climatic Change in the Arid Region of Iran}, abstract ={Dust storms in arid and semi-arid regions have harmful impacts on the environment, the economy, and the health of local and global communities. In this study, the frequency of annual dust events in twenty-five stations and five climatic variables including rainfall, maximum annual wind speed, average annual wind speed, maximum annual temperature, and average annual temperature in arid regions of Iran up to 2014 were used to show the effects of climatic change on dust storms. Annual correlation coefficient time series between climatic variables and dust storms were first calculated based on monthly observations. Then, the trend in climatic variables, dust storm frequency, and their correlation were assessed using the Mann-Kendal method. Results indicated that the correlation coefficients had fluctuations in time and are both significant and insignificant in different years that reach from 0.6 to 0.9 for wind speed and temperature and -0.2 to -0.6 for precipitation. This trend in correlation has the same direction with climatic variables and shows co-movement between climatic change and dust storm fluctuations in central Iran. Results also showed that wind speed and temperature have a high impact on dust storm fluctuations and rainfall reduction has an increasing effect on dust storms.}, Keywords = {Climatic change, Dust storm trend, Wind speed, Drought, Iran}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {239-252}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.43231}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4087-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4087-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Pourabdollah, N. and AbediKoupai, J. and Heidarpour, M. and Akbari, M.}, title = {Evaluation of ANFIS and ANFIS-PSO Models for Estimating Hydraulic Jump Characteristics}, abstract ={In this study accuracy of the ANFIS and ANFIS-PSO models to estimate hydraulic jump characteristics including sequence depth ratio, the jump length, the roller length ratio, and relative energy loss was evaluated in stilling basin versus laboratory results. The mentioned characteristics were measured in the stilling basin with a rectangular cross-section with four different adverse slopes, four diameters of bed roughness, four heights of positive step, three Froude numbers, and four discharges. The average statistical parameters of NRMSE, CRM, and R2 for estimating hydraulic jump characteristics with the ANFIS model were 0.059, -0.001, and 0.989, respectively. While, the mean values of these parameters for the ANFIS-PSO model were 0.185, 0.002, and 0.957, respectively. The results indicated that these models were capable of estimating hydraulic jump parameters with high accuracy. However, the ANFIS model was moderately more accurate than the ANFIS-PSO model to estimate the sequence depth ratio, the jump length, the roller length ratio, and relative energy loss.}, Keywords = {Hydraulic jump, Data-Driven model, Sequence depth ratio, Relative energy loss}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {253-266}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.27453}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4136-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4136-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ModaresNia, A.R and MirmohamadSadeghi, M. and Jalalian, A.}, title = {Investigating the Effect of Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation on Reducing Wind Erodibility of Soils in Segzi Desert Area, Isfahan}, abstract ={Desertification has become one of the main problems of human societies living in the vicinity of desert areas in recent years. One of the methods that have been considered in recent years and are rapidly expanding in the field of soil mechanics is the Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP). In this method, urea-positive organisms that are naturally present in the soil can stabilize the soil and improve its engineering parameters by using urea and calcium chloride. Recently, attempts have been made to use this method to create a crustal layer on the soil to prevent wind erosion. In the present study, the effect of environmental conditions in deserts such as temperature and sand bombardment on microbial soil treatment has been investigated using this new method. The soil of the Segzi region as one of the main centers of dust in the Isfahan region was studied in this research. Therefore, the improved samples are subjected to regional temperatures which increased the surface layer resistance with increasing temperature. Also, the sandstorm conditions of the region were simulated using three different grain sizes of sand inside the wind tunnel. The results of these experiments showed that stabilized soil could withstand the conditions at wind speeds of 7 and 11 m/s. However, by increasing the wind speed to 14 m/s and the grain size, the crustal layer destroys and increases the wind erosion of the soil. Also, the resistance of the surface layer increased by increasing temperature in the tested samples. This increase in resistance continued up to 24 degrees with a high slope, but from 24 degrees onwards, this slope decreases. Based on the results of this research, it can be said that the microbial improvement method can be used as an alternative method in the future to stabilize desert soils.}, Keywords = {Soil stabilization, Microbial induced carbonate precipitation, Wind erosion, Temperature, Sand bombardment, Wind tunnel test}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {267-281}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.43701}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4125-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4125-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {salehi, S. and Esmaili, A.R and Esmaili, K.}, title = {Classification of Scouring Form of Homogeneous and Sticky Earth Dams in Overtopping}, abstract ={The objective of this study was to investigate how the earth dam is destroyed due to the effect of upstream and downstream slope of the body in overflow conditions. Therefore, eight models were provided that each model is constructed from the embankment dam with different upstream and downstream slopes (1:1, 2:1) and the soil properties (Sc) on breach formation. The time and method of dam break for flood discharges were investigated. The results showed that the upstream side slope of the embankment dam has less effect than the downstream side slope on the scour process resulting from the phenomenon and by increasing the downstream side slope of the embankment dam, the amount of erosion in the scour hole increases 28 %. Then, using nonlinear regression, relationships were presented to estimate the output flow rate and the location of the waterfall. A to the erosion and formation of the waterfall inside the body of sticky earth dams, two main outlines of the great waterfall and a series of waterfalls were presented. Finally, the formation of these waterfalls due to the effect of shear stress created during sediment erosion relative to the critical shear stress of the dam constituents was investigated and evaluated. Considering the limitations based on shear stress, the formation status of the type and the leaching pattern of the body of the cohesive earth dams during the overpass were estimated. Then, a general plan was presented to predict the behavior of the overflow stream in homogeneous and sticky soil.}, Keywords = {Earth dam, Hole, Sticky soil, Classification, Downstream and upstream side slope, Shear stress}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {283-298}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.29281}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4118-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4118-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azimi, A.H. and shabanlou, S and yosefvand, F. and rajabi, A. and yaghoubi, B.}, title = {Simulation of Scour Pattern Around Cross-Vane Structures Using Outlier Robust Extreme Learning Machine}, abstract ={In this research, the scour hole depth at the downstream of cross-vane structures with different shapes (i.e., J, I, U, and W) was simulated utilizing a modern artificial intelligence method entitled "Outlier Robust Extreme Learning Machine (ORELM)". The observational data were divided into two groups: training (70%) and test (30%). Then, using the input parameters including the ratio of the structure length to the channel width (b/B), the densimetric Froude number (Fd), the ratio of the difference between the downstream and upstream depths to the structure height (Δy/hst), and the structure shape factor (φ), eleven different ORELM models were developed for estimating the scour depth. Subsequently, the superior model and also the most effective input parameters were identified through the conduction of uncertainty analysis. The superior model simulated the scour values by the dimensionless parameters b/B, Fd, Δy/hst. For this model, the values of the correlation coefficient (R), the variance accounted for (VAF), and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSC) for the superior model in the test mode were obtained 0.956, 91.378, and 0.908, respectively. Also, the dimensionless parameters b/B and Δy/hst were detected as the most effective input parameters. Furthermore, the results of the superior model were compared with the extreme learning machine model and it was concluded that the ORELM model was more accurate. Moreover, an uncertainty analysis exhibited that the ORELM model had an overestimated performance. Besides, a partial derivative sensitivity analysis (PDSA) model was performed for the superior model.}, Keywords = {Cross-vane structures, Scour, Outlier robust extreme learning machine, Uncertainty analysis, Partial derivative sensitivity analysis}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {299-312}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.13933}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4107-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4107-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghaderi, K. and Motamedvaziri, B. and Vafakhah, M. and Dehghani, A.A.}, title = {Comparison of Artificial Neural Network, Decision Tree and Bayesian Network Models in Regional Flood Frequency Analysis using L-moments and Maximum Likelihood Methods in Karkheh and Karun Watersheds}, abstract ={Proper flood discharge forecasting is significant for the design of hydraulic structures, reducing the risk of failure, and minimizing downstream environmental damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the application of machine learning methods in Regional Flood Frequency Analysis (RFFA). To achieve this goal, 18 physiographic, climatic, lithological, and land use parameters were considered for the upstream basins of the hydrometric stations located in Karkheh and Karun watersheds (46 stations with a statistical length of 21 years). The best Probability Distribution Function (pdf) was then determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at each station to estimate the flood discharge with a return period of 50-year using maximum likelihood methods and L-moments. Finally, RFFA was performed using a decision tree, Bayesian network, and artificial neural network. The results showed that the log Pearson type 3 distribution in the maximum likelihood method and the generalized normal distribution in the L moment method are the best possible regional pdfs. Based on the gamma test, the parameters of the perimeter, basin length, shape factor, and mainstream length were selected as the best input structure. The results of regional flood frequency analysis showed that the Bayesian model with the L moment method (R2 = 0.7) has the best estimate compared to other methods. Decision tree and artificial neural network were in the following ranks.}, Keywords = {Modeling, Instantaneous maximum discharge, Machine learning models, L-moments, Bayesian network}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {313-326}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, doi = {10.47176/jwss.25.4.21888}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4131-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-4131-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2022} }