@article{ author = {M.R.Yazdani, and M.Ghodsi, and S.F.Mousavi,}, title = {Comparison of Type and Distance of Open Drains in Rapeseed Cultivation after Rice in Rasht}, abstract ={Cultivation of a second crop in paddy fields of Guilan province is a strategy for optimum use of land, supporting family economy and increasing oil-seed production. However, this is impeded under high rainfall and waterlogging conditions. To enhance second-crop cultivation in paddy fields, surface drainage is inevitable. The surface drainage practices should be performed with minimum costs, least time span and least variations of the land. In the present research, longitudinal surface drains were constructed with a spacing of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 m (depth of 20 cm), with and without 1-m lateral drains (depth of 10 cm) in Rice Research Institute, Rasht, Iran. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Canola (Brassica napa), variety PF, was cultivated as a second crop after rice. The results showed that the effects of drain spacing on seed yield, days to maturity, number of plants per m2, and also the effects of lateral drainage on seed yield, plant height, residual N, days to maturity, and number of plants per m2 are significant (P<0.01). Highest yield (2493 kg/ha) was obtained from longitudinal drains 4 m apart, with lateral drainage drain spacing of 6 and 2 m had acceptable yields, too (2241 and 1817 kg/ha, respectively). For treatments without lateral drainage, 2-m drain spacing had the highest yield (1324 kg/ha). Considering all the expenses for drainage construction, it was found that net benefit of longitudinal drain spacing of 4 and 6 m was twice the costs. Since the rainfall in Nov., Dec., and Jan., 2000, was higher than the 20-year average rainfall of the same months, it was concluded that the results of this experiment may be recommended in the years with a rainfall less than the year 2000.}, Keywords = { Rice, Canola, Guilan, Second crop, Land drainage. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-642-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-642-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.EsmailiNameghi, and A.Hassanli,}, title = {Peformance Evaluation of Checkdams Location across Some Streams in the Fine Sediment Retention (Case Study: Droudzan Watershed)}, abstract ={One of the simple methods for erosion control, flood mitigation and flood damage reduction in the streams is building the checkdams. The present study was carried out to evaluate the performance of checkdams, location across the streams in the retention of the fine sediments in Droudzan watershed in Southern Iran. For this purpose, a number of streams with many stabilized check dams which were more than 27 years old were selected. For each stream, three check dams (one at the far beginning (upstream), the second one at the middle and the third one at the far downstream) were selected. In each stream, a number of samples were taken from retained sediment behind the selected check dams and also original soil was taken from both sides of the same check dams. Laboratory analysis on the size of particles and also texture of soil and sediment samples showed that in general, soils taken from both sides of the check dams were finer than sediment behind the same check dams. Comparison of particle sizes showed in all streams except Joobkhaleh (with extensive tree coverage) the performance of the third check dams (far downstream) in fine sediment retention is much better than the second one (at the middle) and the second one is more effective than the first one (upstream). Comparison of sands, silt, and clay percentage of soil and sediment also showed that in all streams except Joobkhaleh the clay and silt percentage behind the third check dam is more than the second check dam and that of the second check dam is more than the third one (upstream). In the same way, results showed that the sand retained behind the first check dam, was more than the sand behind the second and first checkdams, respectively. Therefore, if the retention of the fine sediments is the main purpose of the check dam construction, it is recommended that they be built in the far downstream rather than in the upstream of waterways.}, Keywords = { Check dams, Erosion, Droudzan watershed, Fine sediments, Streams. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-24}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-643-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-643-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Rezaei, and M.Mahdavi, and K.Luxe, and S.Feiznia, and M.H.Mahdian,}, title = {Regional Peak Flows Modelling of Sefid rood Dam’s Sub Basins Using Artificial Neural Network}, abstract ={The model in this research was created based on the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and calibrated in the Sefid-rood dam basin (excluding Khazar zone). This research was done by gathering and selecting peak flows of hydrographs from 12 sub basins, the concentration time of which was equal to or less than 24 hours and was caused only by rainfall. From all the selected sub basins, totally 661 hydrographs were prepared and their peak flows data wes used to make prediction model. The input variables of the model consisted of the depth of daily flooding rainfalls, and so the five days before rainfall of every peak flow, the area of sub basins, the main stream length, the slope of 10-85 percent of main stream, the median height of sub basins, the area of geological formations and rock units, classified at three hydrological groups of I, II, III, the base flow, and output variable was only peak flow. By using Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network with training method of back propagation error the function approximation of inputs to output was created by passing the three processes of training (learning), testing and validation. So based on that data and variables, the Multivariable Linear Regression model was created. The comparison of observed peak flows, based on validation data package, showed that the statistical parameters of (R2) coefficient and Fisher’s test parameter coefficient (F) for ANN model and MLR respectively were 0.84, 33.66 and 0.33, 3.60, indicating the superiority of ANN to traditional methods.}, Keywords = { Formations, Peak Flow, Rainfall, Runoff }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-40}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-644-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-644-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {E.KhadiviBorujeni, and F.Nourbakhsh, and M.Afyuni, and H.Shariatmadari,}, title = {Forms of Pb, Ni and Cd in a Sewage Sludge - treated Calcareous Soil}, abstract ={Application of sewage sludge on the farmland as a source of crop nutrient had recently received considerable attention. Some management practices may be required to control the accumulation of toxic elements including Pb, Ni and Cd. Sequential extraction gives useful information on plant bioavailability of the elements. The objective of this study was to investigate the cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge application on the chemical forms and mobility factor of Pb, Ni and Cd. Zero, 25, 50 and 100 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge were applied for 1, 2 and 3 consecutive years in a split plot design, with three replications. Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm at the end of the third year of application. Different chemical forms of Pb, Ni and Cd were measured. Results revealed that the soluble form (SOL) of Ni and Cd increased whereas Pb soluble form decreased with increasing levels and years of application. Exchangeable (EXC), carbonate (CAR) and organic (ORG) forms of the three elements increased as levels and years of application increased. Occluded (OCC) form decreased for Pb, Ni and increased for Cd. Residual form (RES) of Pb increased while that of Ni and Cd decreased. A gereral increase was observed for available (DTPA-extractable) concentration of Pb, Ni and Cd. Relative distributions of different chemical forms were in the following order: Pb: OCC > RES> ORG> CAR> EXC> SOL, Ni: RES> ORG> OCC> CAR>EXC> SOL and Cd: OCC> CAR> RES> ORG> EXC> SOL. The comparison of different forms of the metals showed the following orders: soluble Ni>Pb>Cd, exchangeable, carbonate and occluded Pb>Ni> Cd, organic and residual Ni> Pb>cd. Increasing the available (DTPA-extractable) concentration of the elements in such a calcareous soil showed that consecutive application of sewage sludge may increase the available (DTPA-extractable) concentration beyond critical levels. A significant corretation was observed between organic form and available (DTPA-extractable) concentration of the elements.}, Keywords = { Sequential extraction, Organic fertilizer, Sewage sludge, Pb, Ni, Cd. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-54}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-645-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-645-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Gh.Sayyad, and M.Afyuni, and S.F.Mousavi,}, title = {Effect of Safflower and Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb Application on the Mobility of These Four Metals in a Calcareous Soil}, abstract ={Accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in cultivated soils is an important environmental problem in many parts of the world. In recent years, HM leaching through preferential paths and also in the form of metal-organic acids complexes has received much attention. For this reason, the effects of plants on creating preferential flow through the soil is important. The objective of this study was to assess the mobility of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a calcareous soil (Typic Haplocalcids) planted with safflower (Carthamus tinctorious). The study was conducted on 12 undisturbed soil columns (22.5 cm in diameter and 50 cm in depth) in greenhouse. The top 10 cm of soil in half of the columns were contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn at the rates of 19.5, 750, 150 and 1400 kg ha-1, respectively. Half of the contaminated and uncontaminated columns were planted with safflower at a rate of 20 seeds m-2. Leachate was collected continuously and analyzed for these four heavy metals. After the crop harvest, soil samples were taken at 10 cm intervals and analyzed for DTPA-extractable and water-soluble HMs concentration. Results showed that heavy metal concentrations (DTPA and soluble) of the subsoil in planted columns were more than in fallow columns. The DTPA-extractable Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in contaminated planted columns were 3.3-, 1.5- and 1.5-times more than in contaminated fallow columns, respectively. The water-soluble Cd, Cu and Zn in planted treatments increased 2.4, 1.2- and 1.1 times more than the fallow treatment. Lead concentrations in both planted and fallow treatments were similar. Metal uptake by safflower increased such that Cd and Zn uptake was more than Cu and Pb. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the leachate of planted columns increased 32.0-, 2.5-, 6.0- and 2.7- time more than the uncontaminated planted columns. In summary, although topsoil contamination increased metal uptake by safflower, however the presence of safflower increased DTPA-extractable and also soluble metal concentrations in the soil profile and therefore enhanced metal mobility. The order of metal mobility was Cd > Zn >Cu >Pb.}, Keywords = { Safflower, Heavy metals, Contaminant transport, Undisturbed soil columns.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-68}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-646-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-646-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Aboutalebi, and E.Tafazoly, and B.Kholdebarin, and N.Karimian,}, title = {Effect of Salinity on Concetration and Distribution of Potassium, Sodium and Chloride Ions in Sweet Lime Scion on Five Rootstocks}, abstract ={This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity on concentration of potassium (K), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions, in sweet lime budded on five citrus rootstocks, including Bakraii (mandarin x sweet lime), Volcameriana, Sour orange, Sweet lime and Mexican lime in a glasshouse, using a randomized completely design with factorial arrangement and four replications. Rootstocks had great effect on the concentration of ions in scion. Concentration and distribution of ions were significantly different in control and other treatments. Salinity increased Na and Cl ions in shoots and roots, but the rate of increase varied among rootstocks and treatments. Lowest concentration of Na and Cl ions were in shoot of scion on Volkameriana. Under salinity stress, K concentration increased in shoots of scion on Sour orange and Bakraei and decreased it on other rootstocks. Salinity increased K concentration in roots of all rootstocks except for Mexican lime.}, Keywords = { Salinity, Sweet lime, Citrus rootstock. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-78}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-647-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-647-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Karami, and Y.Rezainejad, and M.Afyuni, and H.Shariatmadari,}, title = {Cumulative and Residual Effects of Sewage Sludge on Lead and Cadmium Concentration in Soil and Wheat}, abstract ={Sewage sludge application on farmland as fertilizer is commonly practiced in many countries. Sewage sludge is rich in macro- and micro- nutrients. However, high concentration of heavy metals in sludge may cause pollution of soil, groundwater and human food chain because of uptake of toxic metals by crops. The objective of this study was to determine residual and cumulative effects of sewage sludge on concentration of Pb and Cd in soil and wheat. Different levels of 0, 25, 50 and 100 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge were applied to the soil for four years. To study the cumulative and residual effects of the sewage sludge, applications were repeated on three fourth of each plot in the second year, on one half of plots in the third year and in one fourth of plots in the fourth year. Wheat grown in the plots, after the fourth year, soil samples from the 0-20 cm depth of the different parts of the plots were taken and analyzed. Wheat was also harvested roots, stems and grains were separately analyzed for the heavy metal concentritons. Cumulative sewage sludge application increased OM, CEC, ECe, total and DTPA-extractable concentration of Pb and Cd in soil significantly (P≤ 0.05). Residual sewage sludge in the soil also increased CEC, total and DTPA-extractable concentration of Pb and Cd significantly. Single sludge applications at different rates increased the DTPA-extractable concentrations of heavy metals. In subsequent years with no further sludge application, DTPA–extractable metal concentrations in soil decreased continuously approaching the levels in the control. However, even after four years, DTPA-extractable concentration of Pb and Cd, were still significantly higher in plots which received more than 50 Mg ha-1 sludge than control. DTPA-extractable concentrations of Pb was closely correlated with total concentrations. Sewage sludge increased concentration of Cd in roots and stems and Pb in grains significantly. Cumulative effects on concentrations of Pb in grains, and Cd in stems were more than residual effects. The results of this study show that cumulative and residual effects of sewage sludge application increased concentrations of heavy metals in soil and wheat.}, Keywords = { Sewage sludge, Cumulative effect, Residual effect, Lead, Cadmium, Wheat. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {79-95}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-648-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-648-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Rajaie, and N.Karimian,}, title = {Effect of Incubation Time and Application Rate of Cadmium on its Chemical Forms in Two Soil Textural Classes}, abstract ={Cadmium (Cd) and its rate in soil have received lots of attention because it is easily taken up by plant root, making it 20 times more toxic in comparison with other heavy metals. Knowledge about the factors affecting Cd availability and conversion of its chemical forms is, therefore, important. Sequential extraction has been used as a suitable method for identification of chemical forms and their relationship with plant availability, but in soils of Iran less attention has been paid to studying the change in chemical forms as affected by time. The present research was designed to study the change in Cd chemical forms as affected by application rate and time of incubation in two soil textural classes. A clay loam calcareous soil [Fine, mixed (calcareous), mesic Typic Calcixerepts] was converted to sandy loam soil by adding pure quartz sand and both soils were treated with 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 mg Cd / kg soil as cadmium sulfate and incubated at room temperature near field capacity moisture. After 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks, chemical forms of Cd were determined by sequential extraction. Results showed that, depending on the textural classes, about 82 and 87 % of applied Cd was converted to soluble+exchangeable, carbonate, and organic forms. In both soils carbonate fraction was dominant. Conversion of applied Cd to soluble+exchangeable and carbonate forms in sandy loam was higher than in clay loam. For organic, manganese oxide, amorphous iron oxide, and residual forms, the reverse was true. The crystalline iron oxide form was less than detection limit of atomic absorption in both textural classes. Increasing the application rate caused an increase in all forms of Cd but the percentage increase depended on the capacity of different soil components for Cd retention. Carbonate showed the highest capacity for retention. The effect of incubation time on conversion of Cd to different forms was significant. However, in almost all treatments more than 80 % of added Cd was converted to carbonate and organic forms immediately, and the proportion approximately stayed the same throughout the course of experiment.}, Keywords = { Chemical forms of cadmium, Sequential extraction, Incubation .}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {97-109}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-649-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-649-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {F.Abbasi, and F.Tajik,}, title = {Estimation of Soil Hydraulic and Solute Transport Parameters from Transient Field Experiments using Inverse Modeling}, abstract ={Estimation of unsaturated soil hydraulic and solute transport properties by Inverse modeling has thus far been limited mostly to analyses of one-dimensional experiments in the laboratory, often assuming steady-state conditions. This is partly because of the high cost and difficulties in accurately measuring and collecting adequate field-scale data sets, and partly because of difficulties in describing spatial and temporal variability in the soil hydraulic properties. In this study we estimated soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from several two-dimensional furrow irrigation experiments under transient conditions. Three blocked-end furrow irrigation experiments were carried out, each of the same duration but with different amounts of infiltrating water and solutes resulting from water depths of 6, 10, and 14 cm in the furrows. Two more experiments were carried out with the same amounts of applied water and solute, and hence for different durations, on furrows with water depths of 6 and 10 cm. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and solute transport parameters in the physical equilibrium convection-dispersion (CDE) and physical nonequilibrium mobile/ immobile (MIM) transport models were inversely estimated using the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm in combination with the HYDRUS-2D numerical code. Estimated Ks-values ranged from 0.0389 to 0.0996 cm min-1, with a coefficient of variation of 48%. Estimated immobile water contents (θim) were more or less constant at a relatively low average value of 0.025 cm3 cm-3, whereas the first-order exchange coefficient (ω) varied between 0.10 and 19.52 min-1. The longitudinal dispersivity (DL) ranged from 2.6 to 32.8 cm, and the transverse dispersivity (DT) from 0.03 to 2.20 cm. DL showed some dependency on water level and irrigation/solute application time in the furrows, but no obvious effect was found on Ks and other transport parameters. Agreement between measured and predicted infiltration rates was satisfactory, whereas soil water contents were somewhat overestimated and solute concentrations underestimated. Differences between predicted solute distributions obtained with the CDE and MIM transport models were relatively small. This finding and the value of optimized parameters indicate that observed data were sufficiently well described using the simpler CDE model, and that immobile water did not play a major role in the transport process.}, Keywords = { Water flow, Solute transport, Inverse solution, Homogeneous, Furrow irrigation.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {111-123}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-650-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-650-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.A.GhaffariNejad, and N.Karimian,}, title = {Determination of Chemical Forms of Manganese and Their Relations with Soybean Responses in Some Calcareous Soils of Fars Province}, abstract ={In order to investigate mineral manganese forms and their relations with plant responses, 22 soil samples from Fars province (0-20 cm) were in a greenhouse experiment filled in 3 liter pots, and soybean (Glycine max (L.) merr.,CV.Williams) was grown for 7 weeks. Chemical forms of manganese were determined in soils by warden and Reisenauer sequential extraction method (readily soluble, weakly adsorbed, carbonate bound and oxide bound extracted with Ca(No3)2, Ca DTPA +Na2B4O7, HNO3 and NH2OH. HCl, respectively) after harvesting the plants. Results showed that the amount of Mn in different forms was in the following order: Carbonatic Mn >Mn Oxides >Weakly adsorbed Mn > Soluble Mn. Regression equations between soil properties and Mn forms showed a significant correlation between calcium carbonate equivalent and carbonate bound Mn. Significant correlation between Carbonate bound Mn and concentration of Mn in the aerial part of soybean showed that this fraction plays an important role in plant nutrition.}, Keywords = { Manganese, Sequential extraction, Calcareous soils , Soybean. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {125-134}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-651-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-651-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.HeidariSoltanabadi, and A.Hemmat,}, title = {Effect of Blade Distance and Output Rate on Rice Quality in a Modified Blade-type Milling Machine}, abstract ={Studies show that excessive rotation of rice, when the grains revolve inside the milling chamber, increase the breakage. Ease of grain movement in the milling chamber could minimize this problem by utilizing screw conveyor at the first part of rotor. In this study the rotor of a conventional milling was equipped with a screw conveyor. The effects of two rotor types (modified and conventional rotors), three output rates (412, 654 and 915 kg/h) and three blade distances from the agitator (11, 12 and 13mm) were examined on indices of rice quality using a split-split plot design. In this experiment, the percentage of whole white rice and breakage, degree of milling and milling performance index were either measured or calculated. Results showed that only the effect of blade distance on percentage of breakage was significant whereas the effect of feed rate on all measured parameters was significant. In addition, the interaction effects of rotor type and blade distance, rotor type and feed rate on percentage of whole white rice and breakage were significant, respectively. The milling performance index showed that the best conditions for both rotors can be obtained at output rate of 412kg/hr and 11or 12mm blade distance from the agitator. For this adjustment, the average of percentage of breakage in the modified and conventional rotors were 20.5 and 23, respectively.}, Keywords = { Rice, Blade-type milling, Rice breakage, Degree of milling, Milling performance index }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {135-146}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-652-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-652-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {D.Lotfi, and A.Hemmat, and M.R.AkhavanSarraf,}, title = {Development and Evaluation of a Three-Point Hitch Dynamometer and a Fifth Wheel for Mounted Implement Draft and Tractor Speed Measurements}, abstract ={For measuring draft force and drawbar power requirements for mounted implements, precise instruments such as three-point hitch dynamometers and tractor speed measurement devices are needed. In this research, a frame-type three-point hitch dynamometer was built and evaluated. Forces applied to dynamometer are measured by three separate load cells located on a frame which can be attached to tractor’s three-point hitch. Each dynamometer’s load cell measures load using a strain gauge bridge circuit. Each load cell was calibrated by applying a known load and measuring bridge circuit’s output voltage. Dynamometer was calibrated by the application of known forces and measuring the output voltage of the strain gauge bridges. The calibration showed a high degree of linearity between the applied forces and the bridge outputs (R2 = 0.996). The hysteresis effect between loading and unloading as well as the effect of the position of the applied forces from the longitudinal axis of the dynamometer was small. For measuring actual tractor speed, a fifth wheel equipped with an encoder shaft was designed and built. The calibration on tarmac and soil surfaces showed a highly linear relation between measured forward speed and output of encoder’s rotation (R2 =0.994). The errors in speed measurements at low speed in field and at high speed (up to 12.5 km/h) on tarmac surface were approximately 3 and 8%, respectively. The data acquisition system, not only could display the instantaneous force and speed, it could also show force-time and force-distance curves on the system’s monitor.}, Keywords = { Three-point hitch dynamometer, Fifth wheel, Draft, Ground speed, Mounted implement, Drawbar power. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {147-163}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-653-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-653-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.MohammadZadeh, and M.Rahemi,}, title = {The Effect of Heat Treatments on Sprouting and Storage Life of Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)}, abstract ={To evaluate the effects of heat treatments on sprouting weight, loss and other charactristics of two potato cultivars (Agria and Diamont) in cold (9±1) and ambient (18±1) storage, a series of experiments were conducted in 2004. In this study, after curing, the tubers of both cultivars were treated with warm air, at 25, 35, 45 and 57oC for 4, 8 and 12 h and with warm water at 22, 54 and 57 for 15 and 30 min. Treated tubers were packed in net bags and were kept in cold and ambinent storage for 2 and 4 months. The results of the study indicated that warm air at 45oC for 8 and 24 h and warm water at 57oC for 15 min. in comparison to control reduced the percentage of tuber sprouting significantly, without internal changes in tubers composition.}, Keywords = {Curing, Heat treatment, Sprouting.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {165-178}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-654-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-654-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Deljou, and O.Karami, and M.Esna-Ashari,}, title = {Effect of Mannitol on Growth of Embryogenic Callus-Derived Somatic Embryos of Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus L.)}, abstract ={In vitro regeneration of four cultivars of carnation namely ‘Nelson’, ‘Impulse’, ‘Sagres’ and ‘Spitit’ through somatic embryogenesis was studied. MS culture medium was supplemented with 30 gl-1 sucrose, 2 mgl-1 2,4-D and 0.2 mgl-1 BA and used for embryogenic callus formation. Somatic embryos were formed when embryogenic callus was transferred to MS medium without growth regulators containing 30 g/l-1 sucrose alone or supplemented with different concentrations of mannitol (15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 gl-1). No somatic embryo was formed on culture media containing mannitol without sucrose. Number of somatic embryos produced from embryogenic calli significantly increased by adding mannitol to the culture media. Normal embryos formed on culture media containing high concentrations of mannitol (60, 90, 120 and 150 gl-1) developed normally. About 95% of somatic embryos transferred to the1/2 MS culture medium containing 30 gl-1 sucrose, germinated into plantlets. Plantlets also continued their growth under greenhouse conditions.}, Keywords = { Carnation, Embryogenic callus, Somatic embryo, Mannitol.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {179-186}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-655-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-655-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {G.MohammadiNejad, and A.M.Rezai,}, title = {Analysis of Genotype × Environment (Agronomic Practices) Interaction in Oat Genotypes Based on Path Coefficient Analysis and Regression}, abstract ={This research was conducted at Rsearch Farm of Isfahan University of Technology to evaluate yield stability of 9 Oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes and Makooi barley, to determine the contribution of each environmental factor to genotype × environment interaction, and to find the most stable yield component in these genotypes. Four Canadian cultivars and 5 Turkish breeding lines were included in this experiment. Three dates of planting (12 Oct. 31 Oct. and 21 Nov.) and three sowing rates (300, 375 and 450 seed m2) were used as 6 environments. In each environment a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications was used. Grain yield, No. of panicle/m2, No. of seed/ panicle, and 1000-grain weight were measured. Result of combined analysis of variance showed highly significant (P < 0.01) difference among genotypes for all the studied traits. Significante differences were observed among environments for all the characteristics except for 1000-grain weight. Grain yield and its components showed highly significant genotype × environment interaction ffects. The ratio of genotype × environment interaction sum of square to total sum of square for grain yield (22.37%) was higher than other traits. Stability analysis based on regression coefficient showed that Boyer cultivar and Line No.28 with nearly b=1 and more than average yields were the most stable genotypes. Pacer cultivar and Makooi Barley had specific adaptations with suitable and unsuitable environments, respcctively. Based on deviation mean square, Boyer cultivar was the most stable one among high yielding genotypes. Tai’s path analysis of genotype × environment interaction showed that V3 genotypic component (Seed weight) was the most effective component of stability and yield. Boyer with the highest V3 score was the highest yielding and stable genotype. According to environmtntal component of path analysis, fertilization stage and grain filling period were the most sensitive growth stages to environmental conditions. Therefor, it is not effective to evaluate genotype stability according to V2 component (seed/panicle). Finally, according to the result of this experiment Boyer with grain yield of 5.8 t/ha and stable response in all environments was selected as a suitable cultivar for breeding programs or introduction for commertial production.}, Keywords = { Agronomic practices, Genotype environment interaction, Oats, Path analysis, Stability analysis.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {187-199}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-656-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-656-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {J.Ahmadi, and S.F.Orang, and A.A.Zali, and B.Yazdi–Samadi, and M.R.Ghannadha, and A.R.Taleei,}, title = {Study of Yield and its Components Inheritance in Wheat under Drought and Irrigated Conditions}, abstract ={Generation mean analysis (GMA) was used to study the type of gene action and inheritance of grain yield and its components. Generation mean analysis with joint scaling test was performed. This research was conducted at research farm of college of Agriculture at the University of Tehran. The parents and their progenies ( F1, F2, BC1 & BC2) in three mating groups ( Sardari × 7007, Sardari × 7107; 7107 × 5593) were produced and planted using a randomized complete block design with four replications for each mating group. Of four replications in each experiment, two replications for drought and two replications for non-drought condition were used. The eight traits which were evaluated included grain yield, plant height, plant weight, tiller number, spike length, grains per spikes and 100 grain weight. Most of the genetic parameters including mean (m), additive (d), dominant (h), additive × additive [i], additive × dominant [j], and dominant × dominant[l] effects were significant. However, all gene effects were not significant in all traits.The dominant gene effect was the most contributor factor to inheritance of the majority of traits. For the majority of the traits, additive gene effect was significant, but its magnitude was less than dominant gene effect. Also the dominant × dominant[l] epistasis was more important than additive× additive [i] epistasis. The degree of dominance in most of traits indicated the predominance of dominant gene effects.}, Keywords = {Wheat, Inheritance, Gene action, Resistance, Drought stress.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {201-214}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-657-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-657-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.J.Seghatoleslami, and M.Kafi, and I.Majidi, and G.Nour-Mohammadi, and F.Darvish,}, title = {Effect of Drought Stress at Different Growth Stages on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Five Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Genotypes}, abstract ={In order to examine the responses of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) to drought stress at different growth stages, four breeded genotypes and a local one of proso millet were selected and planted in a split-plot design with five irrigation treatments and three replications.This experiment was conducted in two locations, Birjand and Sarbisheh. Irrigation treatments included well - watered, drought stress at vegetative stage, ear emergence stage, seed filling stage and vegetative and seed filling stages which were considered as main- plots. The first five mentioned genotypes were considered as sub-plots. Drought stress. caused a great reduction in grain yield and WUE at ear emergence stage. This reduction represented itself in the number of seed per ear and the weight of seeds, but it didn’t have any effects on the number of ear. At ear emergence stage, the drought stress increased the floret death and loss of weight of seeds which resulted in the reduction in the harvest index of both ear per plant and seed per plant. Comparison of genotypes indicated that since K-C-M.4 had a greater number of ears and K-C-M.9 had heavier seeds that had higher grain yield. These two genotypes had the highest WUE and their harvest indices were relatively higher. Due to the salinity of water and infertility of soil in Birjand, the grain yield was lower compared with Sarbisheh. In summary, it can be said that genotype K-C-M.4 proved to be more suitable for both areas.}, Keywords = { Drought stress, Proso millet, Water use efficiency, Harvest index. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {215-227}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-658-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-658-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Tahmasebi, and M.Khodambashi, and A.Rezai,}, title = {Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Grain Yield and Related Traits in Wheat Using Diallel Analysis Under Optimum and Moisture Stress Conditions}, abstract ={Half diallel crosses of eight bread wheat cultivars were used to estimate the genetic parameters and types of genetic control for yield and yield components, and to determine the effects of environmental factors on these parameters. Parents and their F2 hybrids were grown in a randomized block design under irrigated and stressed (terminal drought) conditions. For all traits, except for number of spikelets per spike and number of grain per spike, the effect of environment (irrigated v.s stressed) and genotype by environment interaction were significant. The mean square of GCA for all characters was significant in both environments, except for number of fertile tillers in the irrigated condition and grain yield in the stressed conditions. The mean square of SCA was significant for plant height only in the irrigated condition, while for number of fertile tillers and grain yield it was significant in both conditions. The high significant ratios of GCA to SCA mean square indicated the importance of additive genetic effects on controlling plant height, spike length number of grain per spike in both environments and number of spikelets per spike in the stressed condition. The parameter estimation revealed partial dominance gene actions for plant height, spike length and grain per spike in both environments, and number of spikelets per spike in stressed environment, whereas over-dominance gene actions were observed for the other traits in one or both conditions.}, Keywords = { Wheat, Diallel cross, Combining ability, Gene effect, Environmerrtal effect. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {229-241}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-659-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-659-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.R.Nasirzadeh, and F.Ansari-Asl,}, title = {Karyotypic Study of Seven Species of Hordeum in Fars Province}, abstract ={A karyotypic study was performed on seven species of Hordeum Genus including, H. vulgare, H. spontaneum, H. glaucum, H. distichon, H. geniculatum , H. bulbosum and H. violaceum. According to the cytological studies in the laboratory, chromosome numbers and ploidy levels of species were identified. Chromosome analysese including the length of each chromosome, long and short arms length and long - short arm ratio were also done. For each species, the karyotype as an ideogram was drawn. The results showed that H. geniculatum, H. bulbosum, and H. violaceum were tetraploid (2n=4x=28) and the other species were diploid (2n=2x=14). Chromosomal study of H. geniculatum and H. distichon is reported for the first time from Iran. Karyotypic formula showed that the diploid species were 7m and tetraploid were 12m +2sm. According to the karyotypic symmetry, all species were in the 1A class. Using the S%, TF%, D.R.L., T.V. and X parameters, karyotypic symmetry of species was analyzed and determined.}, Keywords = {Hordeum, Cytology, Karyotype, Chromosome. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {243-251}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-660-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-660-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.R.Tadayon, and Y.Emam,}, title = {Physiological and Morphological Responses of Two Barley Cultivars to Salinity Stress in Relation to Grain Yield}, abstract ={In order to study the physiological responses of two barley cultivars to salinity stress, a 4-replicate CRD greenhouse experiment was conducted during at the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran2003-2004. The treatments consisted of two barley cultivars: Afzal and Reyhan and five salinity levels: 0, 4, 8, 12 and 14 dS/m. Seedling emergence, number of tillers and leaves per plant, leaf area and dry matter decreased with increasing salinity levels. The reductions were lower in Afzal (salt tolerant) than Reyhan (salt sensitive). A lower Na+ and higher K+Na+ in Afzal compared to Reyhan were observed under high level of salinity. The results of the present experiment also showed that the tolerance to salinity was associated with a greater stomatal conductivity, as well as transpiration and photosynthesis rate. Sub-stomatal CO2 concentration in both cultivars decreased with an increase in salinity, with the exception of 12dS/m, where it led to an increase in sub-stomatal CO2 concentration. Leaf temperature increased with an increase in salinity level in both cultivars, whereas a more pronounced decrease for number of fertile tillers, ears per plant, kernels per ear, thousand grain weight and harvest index was observed in Reyhan compared to Afzal .Since a higher tolerance to salinity in Afzal was apparently associated with a lower concentration of Na+ and a higher K+/Na+ ratio of the shoots, this trait could probably be used for yield improvement of barley cultivars under saline conditions.}, Keywords = {Barley, Salinity, Stomatal conductance, Photosynthesis, Yield components.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {253-263}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-661-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-661-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.R.JazayeriNooshabadi, and A.M.Rezai,}, title = {Relationship Among Traits of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Cultivars Under Drought Stress and Non-Stress Conditions}, abstract ={This research was conducted at Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology to examine the relations among phonologic, morphologic and physiologic traits and their effects on grain yield of 20 oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in each irrigation treatment (i.e. irrigation after 70±3, and 130±3 mm evaporation from class A pan). Grain yield had significant and positive correlations with harvest index and relative water content (RWC) in both irrigation treatments and with plant height at maturity in non-stress condition. Also, grain yield had significant and negative correlation with days to heading. Factor analyses resulted in three factors in each condition, which were named yield factor, phenologic factor and sink factor in both conditions. Based on stepwise regression, harvest index was the first character which entered the grain yield model in both conditions. At the next step, RWC and plant height entered the model, with harvest index explaining 66% and 64% of yield variation in stress and non-stress conditions, respectively. The results of path analysis in both conditions showed that harvest index had the highest positive direct effect on grain yield. The highest indirect negative effects through number of grain per panicle were obtained for the harvest index and panicle m-2 in stress and non-stress conditions, respectively.}, Keywords = { Yield components, Factor analysis, Path analysis, Moisture stress, Phenotypic and genetic correlations, Oat. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {265-279}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-662-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-662-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Saeidi, and A.Ahmadi, and K.Postini, and M.R.Jahansooz,}, title = {Evaluation of Germination Traits of Different Genotypes of Wheat in Osmotic Stress Situation and Their Correlations With Speed of Emergence and Drought Tolerance in Farm Situation}, abstract ={Soil moisture is one of the most important determinants of plant’s seed germination, emergence and finally yield formation in arid and semi-arid zone (e.g. IRAN). In such a situation, the selection of a cultivar resistant to drought is the most important task. In this regard, a research at three levels (Farm, Greenhouse, Laboratorial) was conducted to study 10 genotypes with three improved background including: Improved Indigenous(II) genotypes (Sardary, Roushan, Omid), Improved Indigenous Foreign Crossed (IIFC)(Azadi, Falat, Qods) and four Indigenous lines (IL)(5593/2-3, 6452-6, 5806-3, 7007/2-6). On the basis of our data with decrease of osmotic potential, seed vigor with high speed and slope in different genotypes decreased. In -0.8 MPa level of osmotic potential, Omid, Azadi and 5593.2-3 genotypes had the highest and Sardary, 5806-3 and Falat genotypes had lowest seed vigor. In -1.6 MPa level of osmotic potential seed vigor of all genotypes severely decreased and in this level of osmotic potential, no significant difference was observed among genotypes. The greater correlation between seed germination, vigor and emergence percentage in farm situation was obtained but the correlation between all germination characteristics in laboratory and farm situations with yield was not significant. Orthogonal analysis shows that II genotypes have greater seed vigor in comparison with other groups of genotypes, but did not show any significat difference among the three groups. The percentage and rate of germination.}, Keywords = { Wheat, Yield, Germination, Vigor, Speed of germination. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {281-294}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-663-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-663-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.Hajiboland, and S.Y.Salehi, and T.Aghajan-Zadeh, and M.Abhari, and E.Nazifi,}, title = {Comparison of Some Rice Genotypes for Zn-deficiency Tolerance in a Field and Hydroponic Experiment}, abstract ={Zn deficiency is one of the most important nutritional disorders after macro-nutrients in rice. There are considerable genotypic differences among rice genotypes in response to Zn deficiency. Determination of such differences and introduction of efficient genotypes could lead to significant reduction of fertilizer use for rice production. In this research, some of the most frequently cultivated rice genotypes in Northern Iran, were compared for their tolerance to Zn deficiency in a field (11 cultivars) and hydroponic (16 cultivars) experiment. Four levels of Zn fertilizer were used in field experiment including 0 (control), 25, 50 and 100 kg ha-1 and three different activity of Zn in chelator-buffer experiment including 130 (control), 23 and 5 pM. Experiments were conducted using complete randomized block design and data was analyzed using two factorial analysis of variance including Zn level and genotypes. In addition to yield components in the field study and dry matter production in the hydroponic culture medium, concentration of Zn was also determined in shoot, root and seed. The comparison of all yield components showed that the cultivar Onda was the most Zn-inefficient (susceptible to Zn deficiency) and Khazar was the most Zn-efficient (tolerant to Zn deficiency) genotypes under field conditions. In hydroponic experiment, cultivars Fajr, Tarom Hashemi and Onda were determined as the most Zn-inefficient and Shafagh, Amol and Mianeh were recognized as the most Zn-efficient genotypes. The most significant response to Zn fertilizer, in terms of Zn accumulation in seeds, was observed in Nemat and Tarom Deilamani. In contrast, Cadoos accumulated Zn mostly in straw. Results of our experiments introduced not only the genotypes with the highest yield on soils low in available Zn, but also genotypes with the highest Zn accumulation in seeds in response to Zn fertilizers which are important for human nutrition.}, Keywords = { Rice, Rice cultivars, Zn deficiency, Zn efficiency. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {295-315}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-664-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-664-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Y.Emam, and A.M.Ranjbar, and M.J.Bahrani,}, title = {Evaluation of Yield and Yield Components in Wheat Genotypes under Post- Anthesis Drought Stress}, abstract ={Drought stress is one of the major limiting factors of crop yield. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of drought stress on yield and yield components of nine bread wheat and one durum wheat genotypes during 2003-2004 growing season. The experiment was designed as two separate randomized complete blocks design with three replicates under well-watered and unwatered conditions during the post-anthesis period. Post-anthesis drought stress reduced the grain yield and yield components in all genotypes. Mean of each trait significantly(p≤%5) decreased under drought stress conditions, except for spikeletes number per spike and ear number per square meter. The highest yield loss was caused by the grain number per ear and 1000- grain weight reduction under drought stress conditions.“Gahar” genotype had the highest grain yield (4149 kg/ha) under drought stress conditions, whereas the highest grain yield (6674 kg/ha) was obtained for “Nikenejad” genotype under optimum conditions. Based on stress susceptibility index, “Koohdasht” and “Boholh-15” genotypes showed the lowest and the highest yield loss in response to drought stress, respectively. Correlation analysis of yield and yield components indicated that, under drought stress conditions, ear number per square meter (r=0.751) and biological yield (r=0.707) had the highest correlation with the grain yield(p≤%5), whereas these traits were grains number per ear(r=0.864) and biological yield (r=0.848) for the well-watered conditions. Therefore, it might be possible to select genotypes for greater grain yield with the means of the traits which have the highest correlation coeficient with the grain yield under each moisture regime. Generally, it appeared that “Gahar”and “Nikenejad” genotypes with greater yield potential might be recommended for agronomic conditions similar to the present investigation.}, Keywords = { Drought stress, Wheat, Grain yield.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {317-328}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-665-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-665-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.R.Valdiani, and M.Tajbakhsh,}, title = {Comparison of Phenological Stages and Adaptability of 25 Advanced Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Varieties in Autumnal Cultivation in Urmia – West Azerbaijan province, Iran}, abstract ={A total of 25 advanced rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties were evaluated under cold weather conditions using Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with four replications in Dr. Nakhjavani Agricultural Research Station, 35 km North-East of Urmia the capital of West Azerbaijan province in 2000-2001. The results showed significant differences among the varieties (P ≥ 0.01) for all the phenological stages including days to germination, days to rosette completion, days to initiation of stem elongation, days to flowering initiation, pod formation stage and days to maturity. The spring varieties Sarigol (PF7045/91), Hyola 42 and SYN1 and autumnal varieties Alice, Eurol, Fornax, VDH 8003-98, Consul, Licord and Zarfam (Regent× Cobra), showed early maturity. On the other hand, Mohican, Olara, Colvert, L-1 and Akamar were late mature varieties. In fact, the most prolific varieties, DP.94.8, Zarfam (Regent ×Cobra) Cocktail, Consul and SLM046 (control variety) had the highest ability survive in the cold conditions and they completed their rosette stage sooner than the other varieties. There was positive and significant correlation between duration of pod formation stage and seed yield. Maturity date of varieties was positively and significantly correlated with harvest index, number of seed per pod, days to germination, days to rosette completion, days to stem elongation, days to flowering, and days to pod formation. Negative and significant correlations were found between days to maturity and duration of flowering and pod formation stages. It can be concluded that delay in initiation or completion of each growth stages could delay maturity of the rapeseed varieties.}, Keywords = { Rapeseed, Growth stages, Pod formation, Maturity, Early mature, Late mature, Flowering, Rosette, Phenology. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {329-344}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-666-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-666-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.M.Majidi, and A.F.Mirlohi,}, title = {Effects of Endophyte Fungi on Seed Yield and Its Related Traits in Tall Fescue}, abstract ={Seed traits are an important measure of the effects of endophytic fungi in Festuca genus. In this study, endophyte-infected (E+) and un-infected (E-) clones of the same tall fescue genotypes were used to investigate the effects of endophyte on the seed production and associated traits. Endophyte infection resulted in 32.8% increase of total seeds by weight, 34.6% seeds per plant, and 30.6% panicles per plant, but other seed components were not affected by endophyte. Significant phenotypic variances were observed for traits except for 1000 seed weight. Plant genotype×fungal status interactions occurred for seed per plant. These interactions occurred largely because of variation in different plant genotypes. Genetic variance for this trait in E+ was greater than E- for both years, suggesting that the endophyte can mask plant genotypic variance. The results indicated that endophyte had a positive effect on seed production but could result in overestimating of plant genetic variance for some traits. In conclusion, breeding strategies should consider presence or absence of endophyte and the possible effects on variances.}, Keywords = { Endophytic fungi, Seed traits, Phenotypic and genetic variances. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {345-354}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-667-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-667-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Gh.Saeidi,}, title = {Effect of Macro and Micronutrients on Seed Yield and Other Agronomic Traits of Sunflower in a Calcareous Soil in Isfahan}, abstract ={Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) can have an important role in vegetable oil production. Also, appropriate soil fertility is necessary to obtaine higher seed yield and quality of the crop. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fertilizer treatments of macro and micronutrients on seed yield and other agronomic traits in sunflower. The effects of thirteen fertilizer treatemts (as main factor) were investigated on agronomoic traits of two hybrid cultivars, "HiSun33" and "Euroflor" (as sub factor) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that there was significant interaction between fertilizer treatments and cultivars for most of the traits and the effects of fertilizer treatments were dependent on the cultivar. Almost all of the fertilizer treatments of N, P, K, Fe, Zn and Mn either significantly or non-significantly decreased the means of head diameter, 1000-seed weight, seed yield/plant, seed yield and oil yield in Euroflor cultivar however, in HiSun33 cultivar, each of N, P, and K fertilizers had no significant effect on seed yield. Application of Zn and Mn fertilizer in soil or spraying them on plants had no significant effect on seed yield and yield components in HiSun33 cultivar however, application of Fe feritilizer (Sequestrene) significantly increased the seed yield of this cultivar and had no significant effect on its seed oil. In HiSun33, seed yield and oil content for treatments of control, NPK and NPK+Fe were 4946, 5155 and 7090 kg/ha and 40.72, 43.10 and 43.07 %, respectively. The effects of fertilizer treatments on oil concentration of seed were not significant, thus the variation of oil yield was due to the seed yield. The correlation coefficients and regression analysis showed that seed weight and head diameter were most important seed yield components,. In general, it seems that in a soil conditions like that of this experiment, Fe fertilizer can increase seed and oil yield in HiSun33 cultivar.}, Keywords = { Sunflower, Macro and micro-nutrients, Seed yield, Oil yield. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {355-366}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-668-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-668-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Gh.Riazi,}, title = {Cloning of Corn Cystatin cDNA and Evaluation of Its Protein Inhibitory Effect in vitro}, abstract ={Isolating and cloning of plant protease inhibitor (PIs) genes and transforming them to the genome of other plants have paved the way for producing resistant transgenic plants against pests. Knowing that cystatins act as inhibitor factor against cysteine protease, short and long cystatin genes were isolated from maize mRNA. By using specific primers, cDNA of these genes were constructed and cloned in pUC19 and pGEX 2T plasmid vectors. The recombinant plasmid vectors were then transformed to E. coli (strain DH5 α) competent cells using electroporation. The competent cells harboring the clones were grown in suitable medium and cystatin proteins fused to Glutation-S-transferase (GST) were purified by glutation agarose bead filter. In each step of the procedure the presence of cystatin genes were confirmed through electrophoresis. Further evaluation proved the inhibitory effect and a mild stability of at least one of the corn cystatin (CC II) when incubated with cysteine protease.}, Keywords = { : Protease Inhibitor, Corn Cystatins (CCs), pUC19 plasmid vector, E .coli competent cell, cloning. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {367-380}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-669-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-669-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {L.Khodaei, and H.Rahimian, and R.Amiri, and M.Mesbah, and A.Mirzaeiasl, and S.k.Kazemitabar,}, title = {Identification of RAPD Markers Linked to the Male Sterility Gene in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)}, abstract ={Genetic male sterility is controlled by one pair of ressesive allele (aa) in sugar beet. This trait is used in most breeding programes. The exsistance of the character in a line or population facilitates transfer of important trait to the breeding material (for example resistance to plant disease). Also, it is possible to increase genetic diversity of monogerm populations by using genetic male sterility. The time and cost of transferring of this gene will be decreased, if the character is tagged with a molecular marker. Bulked segregant analysis using 302 RAPD primers in two F2 populations (231 and 261 population) was performed for the the identification of RAPD markers linked to the genetic male sterility gene. DNA preparation from 8 male fertile and male sterile plants were separately mixed. At first, the primers were tested on bulks. The primers with polymorphic bands were tested on individual plants of the bulks. Only if the polymorphism of the primers was confirmed, they were tested on the other individual plants. Finally, 10 and 6 markers were identified in 231 and 261 populations, respectively, which their distances to male sterility gene were lower than 50 cM. AB-8-18-600r marker was the nearest marker to male sterility gene. This marker showed only 3 and 1 recombination in 231 and 261 populations, respectively. The distance of this marker and genetic male sterility locus was estimated as 5.3 cM in combined F2 populations.}, Keywords = { Bulked segregant analysis, Genetic male sterility, RAPD, Sugar beet. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {381-391}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-670-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-670-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Shabanian, and H.Masomi, and A.Hoseinipour, and J.Heidarnejad, and Z.Azami,}, title = {Identification and Distribution of Cucumber-Infecting Viruses in the Jiroft Greenhouses and Partial Characterization of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Collected from This Region}, abstract ={Cucumber cultivars, grown in greenhouse in the Jiroft region, were surveyed for the relative incidence of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus-2 (WMV-2), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from 2001 to 2004. Samples from 1294 plants representing different cultivars were analysed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Dot immunobinding assay (DIBA). The data showed that green-house cucumbers are infected by CMV, ZYMV, TSWV and WMV-2. However, ZYMV was the most prevalent virus. Mixed infection including double and triple infection was identified in some samples. Transmission of aphid-borne viruses (CMV, ZYMV and WMV-2) by Aphis gossypii, A. fabae, A. craccivora and Myzus persicae revealed that ZYMV is most efficiently vectored by these aphids and, A. craccivora transmitted these viruses with more than 60% efficiency. In addition, WMV-2 was not transmitted by A. gossypii. In RT-PCR, ZYMV infection was confirmed by amplifying a PCR product of the predicated size 458 bp, using total RNA extracted from infected plants. All ZYMV infected samples reacted with monoclonal antibodies (705-1, 705-2 and 705-4) in TAS-ELISA test. These results showed that ZYMV isolate collected from Jiroft belongs to group A, cluster 1 or 2. In electron microscopy study, normal length of ZYMV flexuous particles in partial purified preparation was calculated as 790 nm. The molecular weight of coat protein of ZYMV was estimated at 36 KDa., using SDS-PAGE and western blotting. This is the first report of these viruses in greenhouse grown cucumber in the Jiroft region.}, Keywords = { Cucumber, Virus, Greenhouse, Jiroft, ELISA, RT-PCR. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {393-407}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-671-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-671-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Aberomand,}, title = {Production of Edible Gelatin From Fishery Wastes}, abstract ={Gelatin as a proteineous component is important in the food, pharmaceutical, medical abd technical industeries. Gelatin is used in food industerials to prepare marmallads, jellies, confectioneries and ice cream. The main purpose of this research was to optimize the usage of cheap primary material, i.e. a lot of fishery wastes for extraction of gelatin and to decrease the importation gelatin from abroad that is usually prepared from pig skin and wastes of animal. This research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the effect of pH conditions( in alkaline and acidic conditions) and type of raw material (three raw material: fillet plant wastes, fish shark fish hoof) were evaluated on some best qualitative and quantitative Characteristics of gelatin( yield, purification value, color and odor and flavor). In second stage, the temperature effect( in 3 levels,70,75,80 degree of centigrade) and pH in 2 levels (6.5 and 6) were evaluated on the gelatin yield content. It should be mentioned that all of raw material were prepared from fishery factory of Booshehr. The results from first stage showed that using from alkaline condition and fishery wastes, the amount of gelatin will be maximum with pH=6.5, temperature=70 degree of centigrade. Also under the same conditions the best quality gelatin can be obtained.}, Keywords = { Gelatin, Fishery wastes, Acidic methods, Alkaline methods. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {409-419}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-672-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-672-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Sh.Dokhani, and S.Jafarian, and Gh.Kabir, and A.MortazaviBeck,}, title = {The Effect of Preheating and Potato Cultivar on the Quality of Frozen French-Fries}, abstract ={To determine the preheating effect on frozen French - fries quality, four potato cultivars: Agria, Marfona, Auozonia & Auola were selected from Faridan region in Isfahan province & transferred to cold storage at temp.=5+0.5°C and RH=85-90%. At first, some physico – chemical characteristics of potato tubers such as specific gravity and dry matter content were measured by A.O.A.C methods. Also reducing sugar contents were analyzed by “High Performance Liquid Chromatography” (HPLC). The potato strips were blanched in hot water at different condition: 70°C - 4 min, 70 °C 10 min, 95 °C - 2min and then deep - fat fried at temperature 175°C for 2 minutes. Product quality properties such as texture, color and oil absorption were determined by standard methods. The data were analyzed using a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design, and average comparisons were made by by Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.01). The results showed that blanching at 70 °C for 10 minutes markedly improved the quality parameters. Treatment at 95 °C – 2 min did not have any significant effect on Hunter Lab color parameters compared with 70 °C – 10 min. treatment, but the texture was significantly different. The oil absorption increased in strips blanched at 95 °C for 2 minutes. The samples blanched at 70 °C – 4 min had no significant effect on the product quality. In conculsion, Agria ;Auola cultivars were more suitable for manufacturing French - fries than the other two varieties.}, Keywords = { French– fries quality parameters, Blanching, Preheating treatment, Potato cultivar. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {421-429}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-673-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-673-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {H.Farhangfar, and H.NaeemipourYounesi,}, title = {Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters for Production and Reproduction Traits in Iranian Holsteins}, abstract ={A total of 25,471 Iranian Holstein heifers distributed in 523 herds of 20 provinces were used to estimate heritability, genetic and phenotypic associations between a number of traits related to the production and reproduction performance. The Animal Breeding Centre of Iran collected the records studied in this research between 1991 and 2001. The traits associated with production were 305-day, 2x adjusted milk, fat yields and fat percentage and the traits associated with reproduction were age at first calving, number of services per conception, gestation period, calving interval as well as dry days as a separate trait. The heritability estimates were 0.31, 0.23, 0.31, 0.14, 0.03, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.01 for 305-day, 2x milk, fat yields, fat percentage, age at first calving, dry days, calving interval, gestation period and the number of services per conception, respectively. Milk yield was genetically correlated with age at the first calving (-0.14), dry days (-0.31), calving interval (0.54), gestation period (0.01) and the number of insemination per conception (0.38). Fat yield had negative genetic correlations with age at first calving (-0.16), dry days (-0.23) while it was positively correlated with calving interval (0.44), gestation period (0.11) and the number of insemination per conception (0.20). Age at the first calving, dry days and gestation period had a positive genetic correlation with fat percenateg (0.03, 0.15 and 0.09 respectively) while calving interval and the number of insemination per conception were negatively correlated with fat percentage (-0.21 and -0.25 respectively).}, Keywords = { Iranian Holstein, Production traits, Reproduction traits, Heritability.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {431-441}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-674-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-674-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {H.Kermanshahi, and M.R.Akbari, and N.Afzali,}, title = {Effect of Low-Level Administration of Aflatoxin B1 into Diet on Performance and Activity of Some Blood Enzymes in Broiler Chickens}, abstract ={A feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the performance and blood enzymes of broiler chickens. In a randomized complete-block design with 4 blocks and 4 treatments, 112 day-old male broiler chicks were divided into 16 groups, 7 chicks per. Treatments consisted of three levels of AFB1 in starter diet (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 ppm) along with a control group (no AFB1). Feed intake and body weight gain were recorded on a weekly basis. On days 7, 14, 21, and 28, one bird from each replicate was weighed, and killed to collect the blood samples, and to weigh its proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum and pancreas, heart, liver, spleen, bursa of fabricius, and brain. Feeding AFB1 significantly decreased feed intake and body weight gain and increased relative weight of liver (p<0.05). Relative weight of brain decreased on day 7 and then showed a significant increase by day 28 (p<0.05). AFB1 significantly (P<0.05) increased serum activity of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) and decreased serum activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. Generally, this study demonstrated that, alongside other negative effects, AFB1 could also have adverse effect on the brain of broilers.}, Keywords = { Aflatoxin B1, Performance, Blood enzymes, Internal organ weights, Broiler. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {443-450}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-675-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-675-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.Hashemi, and B.Dastar, and S.Hassani, and Y.JafariAhangari,}, title = {Effect of Dietary Protein Level and Feed Restriction on Performance and Body Temperature of Broilers Subjected to Heat Stress}, abstract ={The effect of dietary protein level and feed restriction on performance, body temperature and hematological values was evaluated, using Ross 308 broiler chicks under heat stress. For this purpose, three dietary treatments were fed to broilers during 21 to 42 days of age. Two treatments consisted of diets with protein levels recommended by NRC, 1994 and 85% of NRC recommendation and were fed ad-lib during the experiment. The third treatment was a feed restriction group that was fed diet with protein level recommended by NRC, but chicks were deprived of feed for 6 hours during heat stress challenge. Birds had free access to water. Results indicated that lowering protein content or feed restriction had no significant effect on body weight gain (P>0.05). Feed restriction resulted in significantly decreased feed intake, improved feed conversion and energy efficiency ratio, and decreased body temperature after heat stress challenge at 24 and 32 days (P<0.05). Lowering protein of diet and feed restriction resulted in significantly decreased protein intake, improved protein efficiency ratio and increased hematocrit and blood uric acid (P0.05). Heat stress significantly increased body temperature, hematocrit and glucose and uric acid values.}, Keywords = { Protein, Performance, Feed restriction, Heat stress, Broilers. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {451-460}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-676-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-676-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {J.Torkamani, and M.Sabohi,}, title = {Determination of Non–inferior Set by Incorporating Risk in Multi-Objective Programming: A Case Study of Farmers in Fasa District}, abstract ={The endogenous selection and determination of return reference level is important in specifying risk efficient set. Thus, using multi-objective programming, Target–MOTAD in the framework of Mean-PAD and maximin parametric analysis models was established to obtained reference level of return endogenously. To determine non–inferior set for the farmers understudy, at first, the pay-off matrix was obtained through maximizing objectives under consideration. Then, upper and lower bounds of non-inferior set were determined using non- inferior set estimation (NISE) technique. The results obtained from maximin model indicated that Min and Max of maximin model were 270252 and 217753 thousands Rials, respectively. Furthermore, a subset of non-inferior set was obtained using different return reference levels. Comparing the results of model and the current farmers' plan showed that the current acreage of crops, except for sugar beet was approximately placed in the range determined by the model. In addition, the results also indicated that farmers' plan could be a non- inferior set. Considering the importance and also scarcity of water in the study area, average water return in the farmers' plan was compared to non-inferior set which included all the upper and lower non-inferior set. The results showed that farmers obtained 18150 Rials per hours of used water. However, average water return changed the range of 19100 to 30200 Rials for non-inferior set, indicating that farmers are able to use water more efficiently. The results also showed that changing farmers' cropping pattern is a complicated task and that it is necessary to have a systematic view in ordere to achieve desirable change.}, Keywords = { Optimization, Multi–Objective risk programming method, Non-Inferior sets.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {461-473}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-677-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-677-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Sabohi, and GH.Soltani, and M.Zibaie,}, title = {Evaluation of the Strategies for Groundwater Resources Management: A Case Study in Narimani Plain, Khorasan Province}, abstract ={The objective of this study was to evaluate the strategies for groundwater resources management, including competition groundwater pumping, optimal control in groundwater pumping, groundwater use and tax policy, water users' participation in groundwater pumping control, and cooperation among government and water user associations in Narimany plain located in Khorasan Province. Irrigation water demand of sugar beet growers was estimated for empirical assessment of the strategies. The results indicated that among the strategies, groundwater use and tax policy may lead growers to sustainable use of groundwater resources. Furthermore, the results showed a desirable strategy is affected by cultural, social, and economic characteristics of growers and general prevalent conditions of society. Moreover, each strategy calls for its obligations, for instance, it is necessary to have an efficient taxation system for the proposed strategy. Hence, by internalizing the external cost of groundwater overdraft (that is taxing water users) government can force them to consider the adverse effects of their decisions on other producers.}, Keywords = { Open access, Optimal control of groundwater, Water user association, Groundwater management, Water-users participation, Common property, Sustainable use. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {475-485}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-678-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-678-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Mousavi, and M.Chizari,}, title = {Educational Needs Assessment of Potato Farmers Regarding Marketing in Ajabshir Township of East Azerbaijan Province, Iran}, abstract ={Potatoes are the third most important food crop in Iran. But fluctuations in the production of potato have made imbalances in supply and demand. Lack of appropriate planning for cultivation and marketing operation and farmers’ little knowledge of marketing provides a ground for uncertainty about marketing. To compete successfully in markets, knowledge on marketing is necessary. Succeeding in markets is possible by conducting the marketing educational programs. The broad objective of most marketing educational programs is to help producers modify production and marketing. The first stage in planning of marketing programs is to determine the educational needs. Therefore, needs assessment before planning and conducting to programs is necessary. In this study the educational needs of potato farmers regarding marketing have been considered. The descriptive- correlational research methodology was used in this study. The target population included potato farmers from Ajabshir Township, East Azerbaijan Province. A random sample of 110 potato farmers was selected by multistage cluster random sampling method for completing the questionnaires. Research results indicated that respondents’ technical knowledge in marketing is low especially in pricing and marketing. The most important educational needs of respondents were marketing and pre-harvest activities. The independent variables such as age, literacy rate, yield rate, experience of potato farming and size of potato farms did not have any significant relationship with educational needs. Based on respondents’ opinions, the best educational method was meeting agents on farm and conducting the educational courses.}, Keywords = { Educational needs- Need assessment- Potato farming- Marketing. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {487-499}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-679-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-679-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {B.Najafi, and M.Zibaei, and M.H.Sheikhi, and M.H.Tarazkar,}, title = {Forecasting Price of Some Crop Products in Fars Province: Application of Artificial Neural Network}, abstract ={In this study wholesale prices of selected crops, namely, tomato, onion and potatoes in Fars province were predicted for various time horizons by using common methods of forecasting and artificial neural networks (ANN). Monthly data from September 1998 to June 2005 period were obtained from Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture. For comparing different methods data selected from September 1998 to December 2004 were utilized, and latest six - month data were mainly used to monitor the power of prediction. The MAE, MSE and MAPE criteria were used for comparing the ability of different forecasting methods. Results of this study showed that ANN had the lowest error in prediction of prices for one - to three - month periods, but for six - month prediction, all forecasting methods were not statistically different.}, Keywords = { Price forecasting, Artificial neural networks, Selected crops, Fars province.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {501-512}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-680-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-680-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.J.Khajeddin, and S.Pourmanafi,}, title = {Determination of Rice Paddies Areas, Using Digital Data IRS Sensors Around Zayandeh Rud in Isfahan Region}, abstract ={To detect the rice paddis areas in Isfahan region, the IRS-1D data from PAN, LISS III and WiFS time series were used. Geometric, atmospheric, radiometric and topographic corrections were applied to various images from 2003 to 2004. Necessary preprocessing and various analyses as well as time series composite image analyses were applied and field sampling was done for appropriate times in 2003 and 2004. Image classification was applied using suitable training sites in various images. The SWIR band capabilities were useful for NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) to detect the rice paddies. On PAN and LISS III images, urban areas, roads, agricultural lands, non cultivated farms, rocks and brackish soils are detectable. The error matrix was calculated to assess the produced map accuracy using the ground truth data. The total classification accuracy was %91 and the Kappa index value was %89. The rice paddy areas was about 19500 ha in 2003, detected through LISS III data, and 20450 ha through WiFS data. The paddies were 21670 in 2004 through WiFS data. The results of this study confirmed that one can use the LISS III data to detect and determine the rice paddys areas with high accuracy, and WiFS data to estimate the paddies areas with acceptable accuracy.}, Keywords = { Rice paddy, Remote sensing, IRS, LISSIII, WiFS, Supervised classification, Isfahan. }, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {513-528}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-681-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-681-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {H.Samadi-Boroujeni, and M.Shafaei-Bajestan, and M.FathiMoghadam,}, title = {Analyzing Processes of Sedimentation and Consolidation of Cohesive Sediments in Dez Dam Reservoir}, abstract ={Sedimentation and consolidation of cohesive sediments near the dam body can cause many problems such as clogging the bottom outlets and entering the sediments into the hydropower intakes. Flushing of these sediments through the bottom outlet will be successful only if the hydraulic conditions are designed according to the physical and mechanical properties of consolidated sediments. During the past decades many researches have been conducted on the distribution of non cohesive sediments in the reservoir, yet little information is available for cohesive sediments. Therefore the main purpose of this study is to conduct a physical model study to investigate the process of sedimentation and consolidation of cohesive sediments in the dam reservoir. The experimental tests were conducted in a settling column test with a height of 3.8 m and diameter of 0.3m. The sediment samples were collected from the Dez dam reservoir since it is predicted that in less than 5 years the sediment will reach to such an elevation that can enter into the hydropower intakes. The obtained results show that there is a an algorithmic relationship between the time and changing of the sediment concentration during the sedimentation and self-weight consolidation processes. This process can be divided into four separate phases. It is also of note that in this paper the effective stress-void ratio and coefficient of permeability – void ratio relationship were obtained as a power relationship, which are in agreement with the results obtained by other investigators. These relationships can be used as primary data in the mathematical model of sedimentation and consolidation.}, Keywords = { Sedimentation, Physical model, Consolidation parameters, Effective stress. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-682-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-682-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.A.MohseniMovahed, and M.J.Monem,}, title = {Introduction of a New Mathematical Model for the Evaluation and Optimization of Irrigation Canal Performance}, abstract ={Poor performance of irrigation canals and its effect on decreasing of Agricultural water productivity require attention for their improvement. In this paper a new mathematical model is introduced which could present optimal operation considering downstream requirements of turnouts, canal inlet flow, actual constraints and real conditions of canal system. Four performance indicators of delivery including efficiency, adequacy, equity and stability are considered as an objective function in the process of optimization. Since this objective function is an implicit function of decision variables (regulation of turnouts and control structures) and hydraulic parameters, it is necessary to implement hydrodynamic model, using numerical optimization methods. SA (Simulated Annealing) technique is a numerical meta – heuristic intelligent search method which is used in combination with a hydrodynamic model (ICSS) (Irrigation Conveyance System Simulation.) for performance optimization of canal system. Theoretically it is proven that SA technique is capable of tending towards global optimum solution asymtotically. Taking short random steps in SA algorithm guarantees avoiding instability in hydrodynamic model. The developed model has been applied on E1R1 Distributary canal of Dez irrigation network for ten days. The results indicated that optimal performance improved very well in comparison with the present situation.In this model the weighting coefficients of indicators are determined using sensitivity analysis in optimization process. Consistency test on the derived coefficients shows that proposed method is appropriate. Applying weighting coefficients for performance indicators in the processes of optimization has resulted in 7 to 21 percent improvement compared to the case of equall weighting coefficients. Also, the results indicate that the developed model (ICSS-DOM) (ICSS-Delivery Optimization Model) is an efficient tool for the evaluation and optimization of irrigation canal performance, producing good and valid results in a relatively short and suitable time.}, Keywords = { Evaluation and optimization of irrigation canal performance, SA optimiztion technique, ICSS-DOM }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {13-26}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-683-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-683-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.T.Dastorani,}, title = {Evaluation of the Application of Artificial Intelligence Model for Simulation and Real – Time Prediction of Flood Flow}, abstract ={The potential of artificial neural network models for simulating the hydrologic behaviour of catchments is presented in this paper. The main purpose is the modeling of river flow in a multi-gauging station catchment and real time prediction of peak flow downstream. The study area covers the Upper Derwent River catchment located in River Trent basin. The river flow has been predicted (at Whatstandwell gauging station) using upstream measured data. Three types of ANN were used for this application: Multi-layer perceptron, Recurrent and Time lag recurrent neural networks. Data with different lengths (1 month, 6 months and 3 years) have been used, and flow with 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours lead-time has been predicted. In general, although ANN shows a good capability to model river flow and predict downstream discharge by using only upstream flow data, however, the type of ANN as well as the characteristics of the training data was found as very important factors affecting the efficiency of the results.}, Keywords = { Flood prediction, ANN, Real-Time flood prediction, Flood modeling, River flow prediction }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {27-37}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-684-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-684-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.Shahmohammadi, and S.M.Mirlatifi, and K.Mohammadi,}, title = {Hydraulic Simulation of Sprinkler Irrigation Laterals}, abstract ={A computer model (SprinklerMod) was developed to simulate hydraulics of sprinkler irrigation systems. The objective of this paper is to describe mathematical background of this model for simulating pressures and discharges of sprinklers along the laterals. The model is capable of designing two types of laterals: laterals with fixed sprinklers and laterals with portable sprinklers. The model shows the simulation results in the forms of tables and graphs. Laterals with one or two diameters on uniform or non-uniform slopes can be designed. The model provides graphical presentation of percentage of sprinkler pressure variations for different lateral inside diameters. The Hazen- Williams equation was used for the calculation of friction losses. The required input parameters for lateral simulation are lateral type, desired sprinkler operating discharge and pressure head, spacing between sprinklers, distance of first sprinkler from lateral inlet, number of sprinklers operating on the lateral, riser height, Hazen- Williams pipe friction coefficient and lateral longitudinal slope or field elevations at each of the sprinklers on the lateral. Laterals are simulated such that average sprinkler pressures and discharges become equal to the values requested by the designer. Iterative procedures were implemented to simulate sprinkler pressures and discharges on laterals and the Newton- Raphson iterative method was used for calculating pressure of each of the sprinklers on the laterals with portable sprinklers. In order to evaluate the model, some example results of the model were compared with classical design results. Since there is no formula for the calculation of the required lateral inlet pressure in classical design of laterals with portable sprinklers in the scientific references, a new formula was developed. Averages of absolute percentage of variations of lateral inlet pressures for laterals with fixed sprinklers and with one or two-size diameters ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 percent, respectively. This value for laterals with portable sprinklers was 0.1 percent. }, Keywords = { Hydraulic simulation, Lateral, Sprinkleri, Portable sprinkler, SprinklerMod .}, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {39-52}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-685-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-685-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {L.Rasipour, and N.Aliasgharzadeh,}, title = {Interactive Effect of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on Growth, Nodule Indices and Some Nutrient Uptake of Soybean}, abstract ={Certain microorganisms in soil have phosphate solubilizing ability. Phosphorus has an important role in plant nutrition and N2 fixation in legumes. The interactive effect of three phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on yield and N, P, K uptake and nodulation of soybean root (Glycin max L. CV. Harcor) was studied under greenhouse conditions. In greenhouse experiment treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four levels of PSB (without PSB M0 ,Pseudomonas putida M1 , Aeromonas hydrophila M2 , Pseudomonas fluorescens M3) and two levels of B.japonicum (without bacterium B0 and with bacterium B1) and three levels of P(P0 = 0 , P1=29, P2 = 58 mg triple superphosphate/Kg soil) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. At harvest, shoot dry weight, seed weight, nodule number, dry and fresh weight of nodules and concentrations of N, P, K in shoot dry matter were measured. PSB significantly increased shoot dry weight, N, P, K concentrations in shoot, fresh and dry weight and number of root nodules. B.japonicum had positive significant effect on these parameters as well as on seed weight. Dual inoculation of plants with PSB and B.japonicum had significant effect on shoot dry weight, P and N concentrations in shoot. Increasing phosphorus levels significantly increased plant dry weight, shoot P concentration and seed weight. Highest P concentration in shoot was obtained at P2 level but in plants inoculated with P.putida, dry weight at P1 level was not significantly different from P2 level.}, Keywords = { Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Bradyrhizobium japonicum , Phosphorus, Soybean, Nodulation. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {53-64}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-686-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-686-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Karimi, and M.Mazardalan, and M.Homaeia, and A.M.Liaghat, and F.Raissi,}, title = {Fertilizer Use Efficiency for Sunflower with Fertigation System}, abstract ={In Iran, fertilizers are mainly applied directly to soil. In such conditions, the yield and fertilizer use efficiency are usually low. The simultaneous application of fertilizers and irrigation water (fertigation) is an appropriate alternative to increase the efficiency of applied water and fertilizers. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various irrigation and fertilizer amounts on efficiency of applied fertilizers when used as fertigation in a Tape irrigation system. A field experiment was carried out with sunflower as a completely randomized design with 20 treatments and 3 replicates. The fertilizers were applied by fertigation. Four levels of the water (60, 80, 100 and 120% treatments I1 to I4) and five rates of the recommended fertilizers (0, 60, 80, 100, and 120% treatments F0 to F4) were applied.The recommended amounts consisted of 400 kg CO(NH2)2, 50 kg KCl, 30 kg FeSO4, 30 kg MnSO4, 50 kg ZnSO4, 30 kg CuSO4, and 30 kg H3BO3 per ha. Tape irrigation was used for every treatment. The results indicated that in fertigation method, there were significant differences ( P≥0.01) in fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) for the total dry matter and grain yield between treatments. The results showed that by increasing applied water, fertilizer use efficiency was increased and affected by fertilizers treatments. Thus due to higher availability of nutrients, fertilizer use efficiency increased. was Fertilizer use efficiency also decreased by increasing fertilizer rate. The results also demonstrated there were significant differences in all the treatments. The results showed that fertilizer use efficiency of K is higher than N and N is higher than P.}, Keywords = { Fertigation, Fertilizer use efficiency, Sunflower, Tape irrigation. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {65-77}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-687-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-687-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.MohammadZamani, and Sh.Ayoubi, and F.Khormali,}, title = {Spatial Variability of Wheat Yield and Soil Properties in a Selected Agricultural Land of Sorkhankalateh}, abstract ={Evaluating agricultural land management practices requires a thorough knowledge of soil spatial variability and understanding their relationships. This study was conducted at a traditionally operated wheat field in Sorkhankalateh district, located about 25 km northeast of Gorgan, in Golestan province, Iran. Soil samples of the 0-30 cm depth were collected right after planting at the end of autumn 2004 , 100 × 180m plot in a nested grid pattern (n=101). A 1 m2 plot of wheat was harvested at each of 101 sites previously sampled at the end of spring. Statistical results showed that frequency distribution of all data was normal. The highest and lowest CV was related to grain yield (20.40%) and pH (0.59%) respectively. Variogram analysis showed that all parameters had spatial structure and the range values showed considerable variability among the measured parameters. The ranges of spatial dependence showed a variation from 23.99m for total N up to 93.92m for K. Among the parameters, total N and ESP had stronger spatial dependence while P had the lower spatial dependence. Interpolated maps of Kriging demonstrated that crop and soil properties did not have a random pattern but had a spatial distribution. The spatial distribution of total N was similar to organic matter and also there was similarity between spatial distribution of harvest index and available P. The results demonstrated that, the spatial distribution and spatial dependence level of soil properties can be different even within similarly managed farms. Variography and Kriging can be useful tools for designing soil sampling strategies, characterizing management zones and variable application rates of inputs in the precision agriculture.}, Keywords = { Spatial variability, Semivariogram, Kriging, Precision agriculture, Sorkhankalateh.}, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {79-92}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-688-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-688-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Yousefifard, and A.Jalalian, and H.Khademi,}, title = {Estimating Nutrient and Soil Loss from Pasture Land Use Change Using Rainfall Simulator}, abstract ={Improper use of natural resources, especially soil, causes its degradation and severe soil erosion. Water erosion is an important factor causing soil degradation. Land use change of pasture would result in severe soil erosion mainly due to the reduction of vegetation cover and also surface soil disturbance. The objectives of this study were to estimate the amount of sediment, runoff and nutrient loss in four different land uses including a pasture with good vegetation cover (> 20%), a pasture with poor vegetation cover (< 10%), a currently being used dryland farm and a degraded dryland farm which is not used. Soil samples were taken from the depth of 0–10 cm in a completely randomized design with four replications. A rainfall simulator was run for two hours to estimate the amount of sediment, runoff and nutrient loss. Organic matter, total N, available P and distribution of particles size in soil and sediment were measured. The results showed that a very high degradation has occurred in the area mostly due to water erosion created as a result of overgrazing in pasture, susceptibility of geological formations and more importantly, the change of land use pasture to inefficient dryland farming. Maximum and minimum runoff was observed in the abandoned dry landfarm and pasture with good vegetation cover, respectively. Maximum sediment content was observed in dryland farm. Sediment content in dryland farm, abandoned dry landfarm and pasture with poor vegetation cover were 54.5, 21 and 10.4 times more than that in the pasture with good vegetation cover, respectively. Enrichment ratio (ER) of soil particles in sediment was highest for fine silt (2-5µm), followed by clay. A minimum of ER was obtained for sand fraction. Percentages of organic matter, total N and available P in sediment were higher in the first hour as compared to the second one. This is mainly due to the fact that fine particles are removed at the beginnings of the rainfall event. Total removal of these chemical factors was highest in dryland, intermediate in pasture with poor vegetation cover and abandoned dryland and lowest in pasture with good vegetation cover. In general, cultivation and disturbance of the pasture in the area land have caused a great decrease in soil quality and made the surface very sensitive to erosion.}, Keywords = { Erosion, Land Use Change, Loss, Pasture, Rainfall Simulator. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {93-107}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-689-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-689-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Loghavi, and H.Rahimi,}, title = {Effects of Shaking Amplitude and Frequency on Nut and Cluster Detachment of Two Varieties of Pistachio}, abstract ={A 4x4 factorial experiment with a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted separately on two major pistachio varieties, Ohady and Kaleghoochy, to investigate the effects of shaking amplitude and frequency on pistachio nut and cluster detachment. Four levels of shaking frequencies used for Ohady were 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 Hz, while those of Kaleghoochy were 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 Hz. Four levels of shaking amplitude for Ohady were 20, 40, 60 and 80 mm, while those of the Kaleghoochy were 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm. Analysis of variance and mean comparison showed that the effects of shaking amplitude and frequency on pistachio nut and cluster detachment were significant on both varieties. It was found that in Ohady, at frequency of 12.5 Hz and amplitude of 80 mm, the maximum effective nut detachment occurred. But considering the need to limit both yield loss and limb damage to 5% and minimizing the power requirement of the limb shaker, applying shaking amplitude of 60 mm and frequency of 10 Hz, which detaches 95% of the nuts, is considered as the most suitable combination of shaking amplitude and frequency. Also, at amplitude of 80 mm and frequency of 12.5 Hz, the highest percentage of cluster detachment occurred. Here again, by considering limb damage and power requirement, applying shaking frequency of 12.5 Hz at 60 mm amplitude with 69% cluster detachment was selected as the most suitable combination. In Kaleghoochi, at amplitude of 100 mm and frequency of 15 Hz, nut detachment was 100%, while the need to limit limb damage and power consumption, the combination of 60 mm amplitude and 15 Hz frequency with 97.2% nut detachment was selected as the most suitable one. For cluster harvesting of Kaleghoochy, shaking amplitudes of 60 and 40 mm and frequency of 12.5 Hz with cluster detachment of 75 and 69 percent, respectively were selected as the most suitable ones. The average ratio of tensile force required for removing pistachio nut to its weight (F/W), and the ratio of tensile force required for removing pistachio cluster to its weight (V/W), which could be considered as an index of ease of detachment, were measured 6.2 and 37 for Ohady and 9 and 37.8 for Kaleghoochy, respectively. Finally, we may conclude that by applying the suitable combination of shaking amplitude and frequency, shake harvesting of pistachio could be practiced successfully.}, Keywords = { Limb shaker, Shaking amplitude, Shaking frequency, Pistachio harvesting, Nut detachment, Cluster detachment.}, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {109-123}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-690-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-690-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.R.SoltaniGhalehjoghi, and M.Loghavi,}, title = {The Effects of Axle Load and Draft Force on Tractive Efficiency and Fuel Consumption of Two High Performance Tractors during Plowing with a Semi-mounted 4-Bottom Moldboard Plow}, abstract ={Tractive efficiency and fuel consumption of Massey Ferguson (MF399) and John Deere (JD 4230) tractors during plowing with moldboard plow were evaluated and compared. The tests were conducted at the Experimental Station, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, in a field with sandy clay soil at average moisture content of 18% d. b. from zero to 30 cm depth. A randomized complete block design with a 4 3 factorial was used in three replications. The treatments consisted of two types of tractors, MF399 and JD 4230, each at two levels of axle load (standard and liquid ballasted) and three levels of plowing depth, shallow (15-20 cm), medium (20-25 cm) and deep (25-30 cm) using a semi-mounted 4-bottom moldboard plow. In all treatments, the tractor engine speed was set at rated rpm (2000 and 2200 for MF399 and JD 4230, respectively) and forward speed was kept constant at about 4.5±5 km/hr. The measured and calculated parameters included: drawbar pull, rolling resistance, wheel slip, tractive efficiency and fuel consumption. The results indicated that tractive efficiency of MF 399 in deep plowing increased from 36.5% to 53% with ballasting the drive wheels, even though the improved traction was not comparable to that of JD 4230 (64%) at the same plowing depth. However, at ballasted condition it is comparable to JD 4230 at shallow and medium depth plowing due to its lower fuel consumption. Using ballasted JD 4230 for shallow depth plowing is not economically justified due to the excessive fuel consumption and may cause soil compaction due to the lower than optimum wheel slippage. Generally, using MF399 is recommended for lower draft and JD 4230 for higher draft tillage operations. Otherwise, MF399 will encounter severe reduction in tractive efficiency and excessive increase in fuel consumption and JD 4230 will cause soil compaction.}, Keywords = { Tractor, Tractive efficiency, Rolling resistance, Fuel consumption, Wheel slip, Moldboard plow. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {125-136}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-691-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-691-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.ShafeiHagiabad, and Y.Hamidoghli, and R.FotohiGazvini,}, title = {Effects of Different Concentrations of Mineral Salt, Sucrose and Benzyladenine on Boston Fern (Neprolepis exaltata Schott cv. Bostoniensis) Runner Tips Initiation}, abstract ={Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata Schott cv. Bostoniensis) is an ornamental foliage plant considered today as one of the most marketable indoor pot plants. Due to the restriction of conventional propagation methods, mass propagation of this plant has increased through in vitro culture techniques. In the present study an attempt has been made to achieve the best medium for runner tip culture of Nephrolepis. At first, runner tips were disinfected by using 15% commercial bleach (5.25 % sodium hypochlorite) for 15 minutes. After that, explants were inoculated on 12 different initiation media using two concentrations of Murashige and Skoog (MS) mineral salts (1/2 MS and 1/4 MS), two concentrations of sucrose (20 or 30 g/l) and three concentrations of benzyladenine (BA), (2, 1 and 0.5 mg/l). The experiments were conducted in factorial arrangements in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The number and height of shoots were measured after 6 weeks. During the experiment period, quality characters and time of leaf perimordia emergence and green globular body (GGB) formation were measured. The highest number of shoots with low height was achieved in media consisting half concentrations of MS mineral salts, 30 or 20 g/l sucrose and 1 or 2 mg/l BA. GGB formation also occured on media consisting 1 and 2 mg/l BA at all treatments. Microscopic investigations of GGB showed that they contain adventitious buds. Medium, containing ½ MS, 20 g/l sucrose and 1 mg/l BA was found to be the best.}, Keywords = { Boston fern, MS mineral salts, Sucrose, Benzyladenine (BA), GGB.}, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {137-146}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-692-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-692-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Bahrani, and Z.TahmasebiSarvestani,}, title = {Effect of Rate and Times of Nitrogen Application on Accumulation and Remobilization Efficiency of Flag Leaf in Two Wheat Cultivars}, abstract ={Understanding the nitrogen remobilization by plant, in order to obtain cultivars with higher quality, has specific importance in plant physiology. In this experiment, a bread and a durum wheat cultivar, were treated with different rates and times of nitrogen application, by using split factorial on the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications at Shiraz region during 2001-2002. Main plots consisted of two levels of cultivars ( Falat and Yavaros) and sub plots included nitrogen (40, 80 and 160 (kg ha-1) and times of nitrogen application (T1= all N fertilizer at planting , T2= 1/2 at planting + 1/2 during stem elongation and T3= 1/3 at planting + 1/3 during stem elongation + 1/3 at heading stage). The results showed that there was a significant difference between cultivars in flag leaf nitrogen content at maturity stage, N remobilization and its efficiency from flag leaf to grains and also grain protein percentage. Durum wheat was more efficient in nitrogen remobilization and therefore, had a higher grain protein percentage. Increase in rates and times of nitrogen application had significant effect on most of the measured traits. There were significant interactions between cultivars, rates and times of N application, indicating that durum wheat was more efficient in N remobilization from flag leaf to the grain. It appeared that N remobilization efficiency was the important factor affecting the grain protein percentage. Also increases in yield are associated with corresponding decreases in wheat protein.}, Keywords = { Wheat, Nitrogen remobilization efficiency, Grain protein, Flag leaf. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {147-155}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-693-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-693-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {H.Mohammadi, and M.KhodambashiEmami, and A.Rezai,}, title = {Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Wheat Grain Yield and its Components Using Diallel Crosses}, abstract ={Half diallel crosses of nine Iranian wheat cultivars were used to estimate the general and specific combining ability effects and other genetic parameters related to yield and its components. Parents with F2 generations were evaluated at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord, in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Partitioning of genotypes mean squares to GCA and SCA mean squares based on Griffing’s method 2 and mixed model indicated high significant differences among cultivars in their GCA values for all traits. There were significant differences among crosses in their SCA values for all traits except for flag leaf length, main spike length, plant height and grain yield per plant. The high ratio of GCA to SCA mean squares implied the importance of additive gene effects in the appearance of flag leaf length , main spike length, plant height and grain yield per plant. For flag leaf width, grain number per main spike and peduncle length , the contributions of additive gene effects and for peduncle weight, the contributions of non- additive gene effects were higher. According to the estimates of average degree of dominance, the gene actions for flag leaf length, flag leaf width, plant height, grain yield per plant, main spike length, peduncle length and peduncle weight were partial dominance. The GCA effects indicated that Sefid – Aliabad cultivar was the suitable general combiner for flag leaf length , flag leaf width, plant height , grain yield per plant , main spike length and peduncle length.}, Keywords = { Combining ability, Diallel crosses, Gene effect, Heritability, Wheat. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {157-165}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-694-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-694-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.K.Mousavi, and P.Pezeshkpour, and M.Shahverdi,}, title = {Weed Population Response to Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Variety, and Planting Date}, abstract ={The effects of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties, and sowing dates on weed interference were investigated in a 2-year (2002-3, and 2003-4 growing season) field experiment in Agricultural Research Station of Kohdasht in Lorestan Province. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in factorial arrangement with 3 replications. The experiment had 3 factors: weed interference at 2 levels (weed free, and weed infested throughout the total growing season), planting date at 3 levels (autumn, winter, and spring) and Chickpea varieties at 3 levels (ILC482, Hasham, and Greet). Weed density in autumn sowing plots was more than 3 and 7 times greater in autumn chickpea than in winter and spring sowing plots, respectively. Weed biomass in autumn sowing was 2.5 times as much as winter or spring sowing. Wild safflower and volunteer barley were the most frequent among the weed species. Volunteer barley was mainly present in autumn and winter planting dates. Wild safflower was among the weed species that in addition to competition, caused much difficulty to chickpea harvesting. Based on the hyperbolic curve fitted to the data, Chickpea maximum biomass reduction due to weed competition was estimated to be 91.8 %.}, Keywords = { Weed flora, Planting date, Chickpea variety. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {167-177}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-695-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-695-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Dehdari, and A.Rezai, and S.A.M.Maibody,}, title = {Genetic Control of Salt Tolerance in Wheat Plants Using Generation Means and Variances Analysis}, abstract ={Inheritance of physiologicaly related salt tolerance traits including Na+ and K+ contents, K+/Na+ ratio of young leaves and biological yield (BY) in six basic generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, Bc1 and Bc2) and their reciprocal crosses derived from crosses between Kharchia × Niknejad and Shorawaki × Niknejad were studied in sand culture under high salinity treatment (EC = 22.5 dS m-1). Generation means analysis indicated that a simple genetic model (including additive and dominance effects) is sufficient for Na+ and BY in Kharchia × Niknejad cross and for Na+, K+/Na+ ratio and BY in Shorawaki × Niknejad cross but, for other traits digenic interactions (additive × additive and dominance × dominance) were important parameters in the expression of salt tolerance of the various generations. Dominance genetic effects were predominant genetic components in most of the models. Weighted generation variances analysis suggested that dominance variance component was more important for Na+ and K+ content in both crosses. This result was confirmed by significant differences between back cross generations. Results also showed negligible dominance for K+/Na+ ratio in both crosses, multidirectional dominance for BY in Kharchia × Niknejad cross and absence of dominance gene action in Shorawaki × Niknejad. Kharchia × Niknejad cross showed, in general, more genetic variation, broad-and narrow sense heritabilities than Shorawaki × Niknejad cross, indicating the important role of primary differences between parents. These results revealed that recurrent selection followed by pedigree breeding or a selective diallel mating system may prove useful in improving salinity tolerance of wheat plants. The involvement of dominance × dominance interactions for some traits indicates that it is necessary to postpone selection for salt tolerance of wheat to advanced generations, when sufficient epistatic interactions have become fixed.}, Keywords = { Bread wheat, Generation means and variances analyses, Heritability, Joint scaling test, Salinity tolerance. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {179-192}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-696-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-696-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Heidari, and H.Nadeyan, and A.M.Bakhshandeh, and Kh.Alemisaeid, and G.Fathi,}, title = {Effects of Salinity and Nitrogen Rates on Osmotic Adjustment and Accumulation of Mineral Nutrients in Wheat}, abstract ={The influence of Nitrogen (N) rates on mineral nutrient uptake in stem and seeds, proline and carbohydrate in flag leaves of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L . Var Chamran) under saline conditions was studied in a field experiment in 2003 and 2004. The experiment was conducted using a split plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised five levels of salinity: 1.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ds/m in main plot and three nitrogen levels: 50 , 100 and 150 kg N/ha in sub plot. Salinity treatments were applied in a clay–loam soil by water with NaCl and CaCl2 (5:1 by wt ). The results showed, the nutrient uptake was influenced by both salinity and N treatments. With the Exception of magnesium in seed, salinity increased nitrogen, calcium and magnesium concentrations in seed and stem in both years. By increasing salinity levels, the concentration of potassium in stem and seed decreased and Sodium concentration increased. In the stem the concentration of Sodium in the 20 ds/m was about 17 and 22 times more in the first and second year, respectively. In these experiments, by increasing salinity and nitrogen treatments, proline concentration in flag leaves increased in the two stages (flowering and milky stages) in both years. Salinity had similar effect on carbohydrate accumulation in both stages, but nitrogen treatment had two different effects on carohydrate concentration. In flowering stage, by increasing nitrogen application, carohydrate concentration increased but in milky stage decreased.}, Keywords = { Salinity, Nitrogen, Mineral nutrients, Osmotic adjustment, Wheat. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {193-211}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-697-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-697-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M..Toorchi, and S.Aharizad, and M.Moghaddam, and F.Etedali, and S.H.Tabatabavakil,}, title = {Estimation of Genetic Parameters and General Combining Ability of Sainfoin Landraces with Respect to Forage Yield}, abstract ={Sainfoin in believed as an important forage crop regarding its suitable agronomical characteristics and feeding livestock. Evaluation of general combining ability is a critical preliminary stage before selection of suitable parent and production of synthetic varieties. Thirty six sainfoin landraces which have been collected from different parts of Iran were grown in 2000 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 24 replications as a polycross nursery. The resulting polycrosses were sown in 2001 in a triple lattice design. Characters such as fresh forage yield per plot based on unit length, fresh forage yield per plant, and dry forage yield for each cutting stage and for the whole season were measured. Also a yield index for the two first cuttings and forage palatability for the second cutting were determined. Results showed that there was no significant difference between partial blocks within each replication and therefore data was analyzed based on RCBD. High heritability was observed for forage palatability, yield index, and fresh forage yield per plant. So selection can be made to improve forage yield and palatibility in sainfoin. In terms of general combining ability, six landraces for fresh forage yield, six landraces for dry forage yield, nine landraces for yield index, and ten landraces for palatibility showed high estimates. The lanraces having highest amounts of general combining ability for each variable can be used as suitable parents to produce synthetic varieties of sainfoin.}, Keywords = { Sainfoin, Palatability, Yield index, General combining ability. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {213-223}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-698-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-698-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.R.DiniTorkamani, and J.Karapetion,}, title = {An Investigation of Seed Protein Content and Variation in Ten Sesame Varieties (Sesamum indicum L.)}, abstract ={Sesame is an annual self-pollinated plant with a high seed oil and protein content. It is considered as an oilseed plant for human consumption. For a breeding purpore, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of seed total protein of different sesame varieties (Oltan, Zoodras , Yekta , Hendi , Varamin , Chini , Karaj 1 , Moghan local,Nazok tak sakheh and Nazok chand shakheh) were evaluated. Protein extracts were analysed using Kejeldal and gel electrophoresis methods. Total average of 24.02% was observed for seed protein content of all varieties. Analysis of varieties revealed a significant variation at (p < 0.01) between varieties. The profile of seed storage proteins had a relative mobility from 0.20 to 0.94. The observed bands varied in intensity and scattered in three zones of the gel . All bands were monomorphic and no variation was observed between the varieties. It was concluded that this characteristic does not carry the necessary value for breeding purposes.}, Keywords = { Sesame, Electrophoresis, Quantitative and qualitative characteristics, Protein content. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {225-231}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-699-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-699-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Fallah, and A.Ghalavand, and M.R.Khajehpour,}, title = {Effects of Animal Manure Incorporation Methods and its Integration with Chemical Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Khorramabad, Lorestan}, abstract ={It is necessary to use organic fertilizers and decrease chemical fertilizers consumption to reach sustainable agriculture. Thus, to study the effects of manure incorporation methods, and integrated effects of poultry manure with chemical fertilizers on the grain yield and yield components of maize, an experiment was conducted in 2004 at the Agricultural Research Farm of Lorestan Weather Department, 30 kms northeast of Khorramabad. The treatments were arranged in a split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots consisted of incorporation of fertilizer with soil by furrower or disk. The subplots included T0: control (no consumption of fertilizer and poultry manure) T1: 200, 100, and 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively T2: 80% of T1+ 4 ton ha-1 of poultry manure T3: 60% of T1+ 8 ton ha-1 of poultry manure T4: 40% of T1+ 12 ton ha-1 of poultry manure T5: 20% of T1+ 16 ton ha-1 of poultry manure and T6: 20 ton ha-1 of poultry manure. The results showed that incorporation of fertilizer by furrower, compared with disk, led to significant increase in plant height, 1000 seed weight and grain and biological yields. However, there were not significant differences in the number of seed per ear and harvest index between the two fertilizer incorporation methods. Fertilizer treatments caused significant increase of the treats mentioned except for the harvest index. The interaction effects were not significant for any traits. T5 treatment produced the highest grain yield, and was significantly different from T0, T1, T3 and T6 treatments. The differences between T1 (chemical nutrition system) and T6 (organic nutrition system) were not significant either. Effectiveness of integrated poultry manure and chemical fertilizers on maize yield components was higher than either poultry manure or chemical fertilizer. The results of this experiment indicated that incorporation of 16 ton poultry manure + 40, 20 and 20 kg ha-1 N, P and K with furrower might be appropriate for maize prodution under conditions similar to this experiment.}, Keywords = { Incorporation method, Poultry manure, Chemical fertilizer, Maize, Yield. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {233-243}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-700-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-700-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Abdi, and A.FayazMoghadam, and M.Ghadimzadeh,}, title = {Effect of Different Defoliation Intensities at Plant Reproduction Stages on Seed Yield and Oil Percentage of Two Sunflower Hybrid Cultivars}, abstract ={To determine the effects of different intensities of leaf removal at different reproduction stages of sunflower on seed yield and oil percentage, and the most sensitive stages to defoliation, an experiment was carried out by split-spilt plot design in randomized complete block with 3 replications at research farm, College of Agric. Urmia University, in 2004. The main factor, sub factor and sub-sub factor in our experiment were: 1. two cultivars, Uroflor and Alstar, 2. defoliation at four reproduction stages, star shape of inflorescence (R2), pollination stage (R5), seed setting initiation (R6) and final period of seed setting (R7), and 3. four defoliation intensities ( 0% as an undefoliated control, 25%, 50% and 75% ). Seeding was accomplished on May 23. Average triple factor interactions verified that different defoliations at R2 stage have significantly reduced seed yield and oil percentage of both Uroflor and Alstar cultivars. Out of this reduction, 75 percent defoliation at R2 was the most, while at R5 and R6 stages 50 and 75 defoliation caused significant reduction on seed yield in comparison with control. At R7 stage different defoliations had no significant effect on seed yield of Uroflor cultivar, while, on Alstar cultivar, 75 percent defoliation at R7 stage caused significant difference in relation to control. Also average triple interaction among factors showed that none of defoliation percentages had significant effect on oil percentage. In view of the fact that, seed development and filling occurred after defoliation at R2 and R5 , the most variation resulted from defoliation of valued traits like number of filled seed per head and weight of 1000 seeds, observed at R2 and R5 stages and consequently reduced seed and oil yields. On the bases of this experiment it could be concluded that sunflower cultivation with losses of 50 and 75 percent will be economically unprofitable and it will be more desirable to replace it with any other suitable crop in the region.}, Keywords = { Sunflower, Defoliation, Seed yield, Oil percentage. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {245-256}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.NiknejadKazempour, and E.Kamran, and B.Ali,}, title = {Study of Fire Blight on Pear Trees in Guilan Province Caused by Erwinia amylovora}, abstract ={Fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a serious disease of pome fruits in many areas in the world which causes evaluative necrosis. Indeed, E. amylovora can invade the whole tree solely by internal progression through the host tissues. In this research, symptoms of necrotic shoots and exudates production on infected pear trees in different areas of Guilan province (Astaneh Ashrafieh, Lahijan and Kiashahr) were surveyed. Samples were taken from infected tissues of diseased trees. For isolation of bacterial causal agent, the infected tissues were crushed in pepton water, then 100µl of the extracts were cultured on Sucrose Nutrient Agar (SNA) and Luria Berthani (LB) containing Cyclohexamid antibiotic (50 µg / ml). The isolated bacteria were rod-shaped , gram negative and facultatively an-aerobic. The bacteria produced Levan on media including sucrose , but could not produce fluorescent pigments on King’s B medium. All strains made hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves. All isolates were oxidase , nitrate, urease and indole negative and were not able to rot potato tuber slices, produce H2S and grow in 36 °C. The isolates could use citrate, acetoin, sorbitol and trehalose and their gelatin test was positive. Based on morphological, biochemical, physiological characteristics and production of a 937 bp with specific primer Ea1 and Ea2 in PCR method, the strains were identified as E. amylovora. This is the first report of the existence of this bacterium on pear fruit trees in Guilan province.}, Keywords = { Pear, Erwinia amylovora, Fire blight, PCR, Guilan province.}, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {257-265}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-702-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-702-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.R.Pordel, and R.Ebadi, and M.Mobli, and B.Hatami,}, title = {Effect of Pollination on Seed Quantity and Quality of Three Winter Cultivars of Canola (Brassica napus L.) in Isfahan}, abstract ={Pollination and fertilization of canola flowers are the main factors of canola seed production. In order to study the effects of insect pollinators on seed quantity and quality of three chosen cultivars of canola, namly, S.L.M., Okapi and Talaye, a split plot experiment in a complete randomized block design with four replications was carried out in Isfahan region. Main plots consisted of canola cultivars, and subplots consisted of open pollination and non-pollination by insects. Results indicated that the time to seed ripening in pollinated plots was 10.5 days less than those of non-pollinated plots. Pollination by insects increased the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and weight of 1000 seeds, by 14.3%, 23.5% and 10%, respectively. Grain yield also increased by 53% in pollinated plots. Pollination decreased seed moisture percentage by 3.15%, but its effect on seed oil percentage and germination percentage were not significant. Time to seed germination of plants of pollinated plots decreased three hours. Cultivars were significantly different in seed oil percentage and time to seed germination. Talaye cultivar produced the highest amount of oil (45.5%), while Okapi produced the lowest (40.8%). There were significant interactions between cultivars and pollination in terms of seed ripening, oil percentage and moisture of seeds, and the effects of pollination was different in different cultivars.}, Keywords = { Cultivar, Canola, Seed quality and quantity, Pollination. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {267-276}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-703-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-703-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.AbdollahZadeh, and M.Shahedi,}, title = {Study of Flour Baking Quality Properties of Four Bread Wheat Cultivars in Sabzevar Region}, abstract ={Lots of investigation has been done in order to increase wheat yield per acre in Iran, but there is not enough study about quality of produced wheat. Bread quality in Iran has been deteriorated in recent years, mostly due to employing wheat flours of low quality. Thus the present study was conducted to find the chemical and rheological properties of four bread wheat cultivars (Omid, Rosshan, Golestani and “Kal”) produced in Sabzavar region. The results indicated that the quantity and quality of “Kal” wheat gluten are more desirable in comparison to the other varieties. The rheological experiment results indicated that the Omid wheat flour is the best regarding the dough resistance coefficient and alfa amylase activity. The alfa amylase activity of all flours was low. Appropriate time for fermentation of bread dough for all flours was 75 to 90 minutes. Mixture of one to ten ratio of Roshan and Omid flour produced bread with better quality. The results also indicated that the rheological properties of “Kal” flour dough such as mixing resistance, breaking point resistance and valorimeter value are acceptable. The bakery properties of “Kal” flour is better than Rosham flour. The “Kal” variety of wheat is the same as Roshan variety and the only difference between them is the region of production and farming conditions. It shows that farming condition is one of the important factors affecting bread wheat quality.}, Keywords = {Wheat, Roshan, Golestani, Omid, Kal, Rheological properties. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {277-287}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-704-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-704-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {E.Khanipour, and J.Keramat, and R.Shokrani,}, title = {Determination of Optimum Conditions for Carotenoid Extraction from Tomatoes}, abstract ={Producing food colors from natural sources, such as tomatoes, which could be used instead of synthetic colors, is important in relation to health and safety aspects of the consumers. In this research, solvent extracting was carried out by using three non-polar solvents, including petrolium ether (bp=55°C), n-hexane (bp=60°C) and a mixture of n-hexane: ethanol: aceton (1:1:2, bp=50°C). Also, two different temperatures (room temperature and boiling point of the solvent) and three different periods of time (2,4 and 6 hours) of extraction were tried. Using mixture of the solvents (at boiling point) for six hours showed to be the optimum conditions for extraction and there were significant differences between this treatment and other conditions for extractions. In addition to the above results, the same volumes of the solvent and samples were found to be the best ratio in comparison with the other volumes ratios. It was significant at P .05.. The yield of color extraction from tomatoes and tomato powder was 0.14 and 0.24% (w/w), respectively. Also, the purity of the extracted color was 82.65% lycopen. The extracted color showed a good stability in sunflower oil for three months at 4°C.}, Keywords = { Carotenoids, Tomato, Solvent extraction. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {289-297}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-705-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-705-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {GH.R.Mesbahi, and J.Jamalian,}, title = {Investigation of the Possibility of Spoilage of Mayonnaise Sauce Upon Storage in Large Plastic Containers at High Temperatures}, abstract ={Mayonnaise sauce is a nutritious food product with high caloric content, which is usually incorporated into other products as an ingredient. The product should be produced under hygienic conditions to avoid its physical and chemical deterioration along with microbial spoilage, which mostly happens due to the lack of thermal treatment. Mayonnaise is often stored for long periods at room temperature in large plastic containers before consumption. To carry out the investigation, samples of the sauce in large plastic containers and glass jars were obtained directly from a commercial producer. After preliminary quality examinations, they were allocated into 3 lots and stored at 5, 25 or 40oC for up to 6 months. They were then subjected to physical, chemical, microbiological and organoleptic tests at monthly intervals. The results showed no significant microbial growth even when kept at higher temperatures. Significant chemical changes (autoxidation), however, occurred in both containers at temperatures close to 40oC. Organoleptic examinations revealed significant changes, especially in color and emulsion stability, which were more evidenced for those stored at higher temperature. It was concluded that the storage of mayonnaise sauce in large plastic containers at higher temperatures should be avoided mostly due to deterioration through physical, chemical and organoleptic changes of the sauce.}, Keywords = { Mayonnaise sauce, Storage conditions, Spoilage, Large plastic containers. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {299-315}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-706-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-706-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.H.Hosseiniparvar, and J.Keramat, and M.Kadivar,}, title = {Optimization of Food - Grade Gelatin Extraction from Cow Bonesby Acidic Method Using SREG}, abstract ={This research was carried out to determine the optimum conditions for acidic extraction of gelatine from cattle bones. The effects of different treatments such as pH (1.8 to 2.6), temperature (60 to 80°C) and time (40 to 120minutes) on yield of extraction, gel strength, viscosity and absorption (420 nm) was measured. Coefficients of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and regression surface response.... (RSREG) were used. The coefficients for yield, gel strength, viscosity and absorption were 0.990, 0.991, 0.998, 0.928, respectively. According to variance analysis of the data, there were significant differences between the effects of three variables (pH, temperature and time) on yield of extraction and viscosity, but no significant difference was observed between the effects of temperature and pH on gel strength and absorption, respectively. Comparisons of the averages of functional characteristics of acidic and commercial gelatin showed that viscosity and strength of acidic gelatin were higher than those of commercial one. The optimum conditions were found to be: pH=1.88, temp. 80°C and 118 min., to reach the highest yield and pH=1.88, temp. 60°C and 48 min. to get maximum strength, and pH=2.56, temp. 69°C and 118 min. to obtain the maximum viscosity and finally, pH=2.6, temp. 62°C and 48 min. for minimum absorption. Also, the results revealed that there were significant differences between trace elements content (Fe, Ca and Pb) of commercial and acidic gelatins. Although, acidic gelatin contained higher amount of the elements, but these amounts were still less than maximum values which are allowed to exist in gelatin. Amino acid compositions of both gelatins were almost identical.}, Keywords = { Gelatin, Bone, Acidic extraction, Regression surface response. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {317-330}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-707-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-707-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.R.Khanahmadi, and Gh.Rahimi, and A.Nejati-Javaremi, and S.Esmaeilkhanian,}, title = {Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA(RAPD) Markers to Detect GeneticVariation of Native Fowls in Mazandaran Native Fowls Breeding Station}, abstract ={In order to detect genetic variation of native fowls in Mazandaran native Fowls breeding station, blood samples were collected from 100 male and female of birds (1:11). The DNA of the blood samples was extracted according to an optimized salting out protocol. The extracted DNA was amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the twenty random primers (10 mer) were used in this study, fourteen yielded satisfactory PCR. The total 63 polymorphic and 77 monomorphic bands were detected for the 14 primers. The number of bands displayed for each primer ranged from 4 to 16 with 200-2100 base pairs. The highest and lowest percentages of polymorphism band were observed for primer 9 (72%) and primer 14 (16%) respectively. The band sharing frequency was calculated for each primer, which ranged from 79 to 96. The genetic similarity within population and genetic variation were estimated as 89 and 11 percentage respectively. In conclusion, the existence of high level of polymorphism after ten generation of selection may indicate the accuracy of genetic evaluation program, suitable selection strategies and also large enough effective population size in this breeding flock.}, Keywords = { Mazandaran native fowls, RAPD, Genetic variation. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {331-338}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-708-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-708-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Behgar, and M.DaneshMesgaran, and H.NasiriMoghadam, and S.SobhaniRad,}, title = {Chemical Composition, Dry Matter and Crude Protein Degradability of Alfalfa Silage Treated With Formic and Sulphuric Acids and its Effect on performance of Early Lactating Holstein Cows}, abstract ={This study was conducted to investigate the effect of formic and sulphuric acids on chemical composition, dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of alfalfa silage and its effect on early lactating Holstein cow as three trials. In the first trial, chopped alfalfa (22 and 33% DM) was ensiled with three levels of formic acid (0.0, 15 and 20 ml/kg DM) and two levels of sulphuric acid (0 and 4 ml/kg DM). In the second trial, DM and CP degradability coefficients of silages (Treatment 1: without acid Treatment 2: 15 ml formic acid + 4 ml sulphuric acid per kg DM) and alfalfa hay (Treatment 3) were determined using nylon bag technique in two cannulated steers. In the third trial, silages (treatments 1 and 2) were replaced with 50% of alfalfa hay in the early lactation Holstein cow diet (11 cows, 19 ± 8 days in milk). Diets were fed for 49 days. Dry matter intake, milk production and milk composition were evaluated. Blood metabolites were determined in weeks 4 and 6. Effect of wilting on pH was significant (p<0.05). Quickly degradable fraction (a) of DM was similar in both silages (0.35) but was higher (0.5) for hay rather than the silages. Slowly degradable fraction (b) of DM of the acid - treated silage was higher compared with the hay (0.39 and 0.32, respectively). Fraction (a) of CP in acid treated silage was less than the control silage and hay (0.46, 0.57 and 0.57, respectively). Fraction (b) of CP in acid - treated silage was less compared with the control silage and hay (0.41, 0.28 and 0.35, respectively). There were no significant differences between the treatments on the cow’s performance. However, time effect on milk fat and solid non-fat was significant (p<0.01). Blood glucose concentration before feeding with treatment 2 was significantly higher (p<0.01) than cows feeding with treatment 1.}, Keywords = { Fresh cows, Alfalfa silage, Formic acid, Sulphuric acid. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {339-350}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-709-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-709-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.D.Shakouri, and H.Kermanshahi,}, title = {Effect of Enzyme Supplement to Wheat and Triticale Based - Diets on Performance and Digestive Tract Characteristics of Broiler Chickens}, abstract ={In order to study the effect of corn, Ghods wheat, Falaat wheat, and triticale with or without enzyme addition on perormance and digestive tract characteristics, an experiment was carried out by using 288 male broiler chickens in a compeletly randomized design with 4*2 factorial arrangement for 57 days. Enzyme addition significantly decreased both feed conversion ratio of chickens fed Ghods wheat and triticale, and weight gain of chickens fed Ghods wheat. Growth performance of chickens fed Ghods wheat with enzyme was not significantly different compared with corn without enzyme. Enzyme addition decreased ileum relative weight of chickens. Gizzard and proventriculus of chickens fed Falaat wheat and triticale were heavier than those of other treatments. According to the results, enzyme supplementation showed positive effect on triticale and especially Ghods wheat based diets.}, Keywords = { Broiler chickens, Enzyme, Wheat, Triticale, Performance, Carcass analysis. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {351-361}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-710-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-710-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {F.Shariatmadari, and A.A.Moghadamian,}, title = {Effect of Early Feed Restriction in Combination with Intermittent LightingDuring the Natural Scotoperiod on Performance of Broiler Chicken}, abstract ={The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of early life nutrient restriction and subsequent intermittent lighting schedule on performance in broiler. In a factorial experiment, the effect of three levels of feeding regimes and two levels of lighting schedule were investigated using 480 day-old male Hubbard chicks. The broiler chickens were randomly distributed over two rooms consisting of 4 replicates of 20 birds for each of three treatment groups. From 3 to 12 days of age treatment groups were either allowed ad-libitum access, 90% or 80% to feed. From 12 days of age until 42 days of age all birds were allowed ad-libitum access to feed. The lighting schedule for day 12 onwards in one room was a 23h light (L): 1h dark (D) lighting schedule (CL) and another room with an intermittent lighting schedule (IL, 1L:3D) from 8 AM until 8 PM . The results indicated that feed intake and feed conversion ratio of birds reared in the IL schedule were significantly lower than CL , at growth and total period of experiment (p0.05). Relative growth rate and production (PI( in the IL were higher than CL schedule (p<0.01). Feed intake and feed conversion ratio of birds given 90 and 80% of ad libitum were significantly lower in comparison with control group (p<0.01). Body weight (gain) at the end of the experiment and growth period and body weight gain in birds fed 80% of ad libitum group were significantly lower in comparison with control and 90% of ad libitum groups. At 5,6 weeks and grower period EPI and relative growth rate in birds fed 80 and 90% of ad libitum were significantly higher in comparison with control. These results indicated that feed restriction and lighting program did not have any significant effect on carcass composition (protein, fat, ash and dry matter), carcass fragment percentage (except for drumstick), abdominal fat percentage, lung , heart, right and left ventricle weight and hematocrit percentage (p>0.05), but proportion of heart weight to body weight and drumstick percentage in birds fed 80 % of ad libitum were higher than the other groups (p<0.05). Lighting schedule and feeding regime did not have any interaction effect, except for relative growth rate (p<0.05). Relative growth rate in birds with feed restriction under IL schedule was higher than birds with feed restriction under CL schedule. Intermittent lighting and feed restriction had synergic, activity effect and positive effect on body weight gain and feed convertion ratio.}, Keywords = { Intermittent lighting, Feed restriction, Performance, Broiler chicken. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {363-374}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-711-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-711-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {H.Farhangfar, and H.Rezaee,}, title = {Comparison of Holstein’s Genetic Evaluation for Milk Production Using 305-Day and Test - Day Models}, abstract ={A total of 179,460 monthly test-day milk records (thrice a day milking) obtained from 17,946 Iranian Holstein heifers distributed in 287 herds and calved from 1986 to 2001 were used to predict breeding value of animals. Monthly test-day milk production was analysed by applying a covariance function in which the effects of herd-year-season of production (HYSOP), age at test day (covariate), additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were included. Orthogonal legendre polynomials up to order 5 (quartic) were also implemented in the covariance model to take account of the genetic and environmental aspects of milk production variation over the course of the lactation. In the present research, breeding values of individual animals based upon 305-day and monthly test-day milk yields were compared. The results indicated that ranking of ten top sires, dams as well as progenies changed as the genetic evaluation of animals switched from the traditional (based on 305-day milk yield) to the new method that was based on the covariance function. Regression analysis of average breeding value of progenies on the first year of their calving showed that the amount of genetic trend obtained from the covariance function for 305-day milk yield was greater than that of the 305-day model (11.607 vs. 3.860 Kg/year) over the period of 16 years of calving. The phenotypic trend for lactation milk yield was 92.97 Kg per year which was statistically significant. This finding indicates that a large proportion of annual increase of milk production of Holstein heifers in Iran has been due to environmental rather than genetic improvement.}, Keywords = { Genetic evaluation, Covariance function, Iranian Holsteins. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {375-384}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-712-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-712-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Zahmatkesh, and J.Poorreza, and A.Abedian, and F.Shariatmadari, and A.Valipoor, and K.Karimzadeh,}, title = {Effect of Different Levels of Calcium on Growth Criteria and Survival of Freshwater Crayfish, Astacus leptoductylus}, abstract ={The study was conducted to compare the efficiency of diets containing various levels of calcium(0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 percentage) in feeding freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptoductylus. 150 cray fish (10 individuals per tank) with mean weight of about 8-9 gram were stocked in each of 15 tanks, containing 100 L of water. In this research, The results showed that the mean values of some parameters such as weight gain (WG), weight increment rate (WIR), length increment rate (LIR), specific growth rate (SGR), biomass increment (BI), food efficiency rate (FER) and survival rate (SR) of animal fed on different diets were 0.75-1.46gr, 9.8-24.54%, 6.57-15.33% and 0.12-0.29% respectively. However, the diet with high levels of calcium (3-4%) showed the good weight and length increment, but there were no significants difference among these indices using different trial diets. The biomass of crayfish increased with increasing of calcium concentration. So, the highest biomass (11.65gr) of crayfish was observed in the diet containing calcium about 4%. Optimal calcium requirement in the freshwter crayfish was estimated about 3.4% with broken-line regression analysis. The lowest survival rate (30%) was obtained in the diet containing 2% calcium level. There were significant differences among survival rates in various experimental diets (p<0.05). These results indicate that the dietary calcium supplement is nesessary for crayfish. The diets with high levels of calcium had a good efficiency in freshwater crayfish feeding. So it is recommended to use 3-3.5% of calcium in formulated diets for freshwater crayfish}, Keywords = { Diet, Phosphorus, Fresh water crayfish, Astacus leptoductylus. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {385-398}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-713-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-713-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.RafiyDarani, and M.Bakhshoodeh, and M.Zibaee,}, title = {Selecting and Ranking Irrigation Systems in Isfahan Province: Application ofCriteria Matrix and Qualitative Efficiency of Objects and Multi-Criterion Decision-Making Procedure}, abstract ={The main objective of this study was determining the best sprinkler system and ranking total operational sprinkler systems in Isfahan province. The data was collected through 262 questionnaires completed by farmers in Feridan and Semirom cities in Isfahan province. Ranking and comparing the systems were done via criteria matrix and qualitative efficiency of objects and compromise programming. Based on the results of this study, hand-move sprinkler irrigation and then solid-set sprinkler irrigation were found to be the best systems in most of the regions. However, solid-set sprinkler irrigation was the best in some other areas. Results also showed that there were trivial differences between farmer selection in sprinkler irrigation and suitable system in the region. Also, comparison of suitable system and conventional irrigations used by farmers showed that the current systems of farmers are not usually an optimal system.}, Keywords = { Irrigation system selection, Multi-criterion decision-making, Compromise programming, Criteria matrix and qualitative efficiency of objects, Isfahan. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {399-409}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-714-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-714-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {K.Solaimani, and R.Tamartash, and F.Alavi, and S.Lotfi,}, title = {Utility of Remote Sensing Data in Estimation of Rangeland Production Case Study: SefidAb Subbasin of The Lar Dam}, abstract ={In order to manage the rangeland resources, remote sensing data is able to provide a sensible role of different cases in flora community such as biomass. The study area in SefidAb subbasin of the Lar Dam basin is located in central Alborz, where the climatic condition is semihumid and near to moderate. For the assessment of the sattelite data and their capability in estimation of the range production, Landsat-TM data with different bands was used. In this research, the field data was collected using random-systematic method in 20 sampling units of 200 plots. For geographic coordinates of the sampling units and related pixels in digital data, GPS and also existing benchmark data of the nearest points were used. Then correlation between ground data and vegetation index from different band combination was investigated and the reasonble vegetation indices were obtained. Finally, the best models were extracted for this purpose, which showed sensible relation between the field data and vegetation index. Therefor, it is possible to estimate range production using Landsat TM data related to ground control.}, Keywords = {Landsat-TM, Rangeland vegetation products, Rangeland vegetation index, Lar Dam. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {411-423}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-715-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-715-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.M.Mohammadi, and S.J.Khajeddin, and S.A.Khatoonabadi,}, title = {Determination of Range Units Size By Socioeconomic- Ecological Factors in the Northern Watershed of Kouhrang River}, abstract ={Northern watershed of Kouhrang River with the area of 68437 hectares is located in northwestern Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiary province within 49ْ 54ً to 50ْ 9ً E longitude and 32ْ 83ً to 32ْ 36ً N latitude.Making a balance and equilibrium between the number of ranchers, the rangeland production potential and appropriate flock size in each utilization unit is a necessary task. It is a matter of importance to determine suitable ranch size based on pastoral household but suitable household livelihood as well. The main goal of this study is to determine utilization unit size based on ecologic and socioeconomic factors for each household. Along with detecting the ranch allotments, the range capacity and its productivity potential were studied. Then, based on expenses and the revenues resulting from herdship,(on ranges), the suitable flock size for fulfillment of the household expenses regarding the range utilization periods, the suitable range size per household was determined. 10 vegetation types with 0.91 AUM per hectares grazing capacity were detected in studied area. There are 46 range allotments and some parts of other 6 range allotments in studied area with average area at 1510 hectares. Average pastoral household is 36.8 per unit range allotments. Pastoral households share at rangelands is 41 hectares now. The minimum and suitable ranch area for each pastoral household which can provide annual needs and costs is 520 hectares and 142 animal unit at a mix flock at 3 to 2 ratio of sheep to goat for a 100 – dayes grazing season. The result of this study showed that production potential at each range unit is influenced by flock size, household share on farming lands, and the household numbers on each ranch unit. Ranch unit and the livelihood level, have significant influence at 5% level on suitable ranch size per household.}, Keywords = { Socioeconomic, Livelihood level, Ranch unit, Flock size, Watershed of Kouhrang river. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {425-437}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-716-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-716-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {H.Latifi, and J.Oladi, and S.Saroei, and H.Jalilvand,}, title = {Evaluating ETM+ Data Capability to Provide ‘ Forest- Shrub land- Range’ Map (A Case Study of Neka- Zalemroud Region- Mazandaran- Iran)}, abstract ={In order to evaluate the capability of ETM+ remotely- sensed data to provide "Forest- shrub land- Rangeland" cover type map in areas near the timberline of northern forests of Iran, the data was analyzed in a portion of nearly 790 ha located in Neka- Zalemroud region. First, ortho-rectification process was implemented to correct the geometric errors of the image, which yielded 0/68 and 0/69 pixels of RMS error toward X and Y axis, respectively. The original multi-spectral bands were fused to the panchromatic band using PANSHARP Statistical module. The ground truth map was prepared using 1 ha field plots in a systematic- random sampling grid. Vegetative form of trees, shrubs and rangelands was recorded as a criterion to allocate the plots. A set of channels including original bands, NDVI and IR/R indices, and first components of PCA was used for classification procedure. Automatic band selection command was used to select the appropriate channel set.. Classification was carried out using ML classifier on both original and fused data sets. It showed 67% of overall accuracy and 0/43 of Kappa coefficient in original data set. Due to the results present presented above, it's concluded that ETM+ data has an intermediate capability to fulfill the spectral variations of 3 form- based classes, in the studied area. Furthermore, applying complementary methods to minimize the background spectral effect is proposed for future studies.}, Keywords = { ETM+ sensor, Forest- Shrub land- Range classes, ML classifier, Accuracy assessment, Neka- Zalemroud }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {439-448}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-717-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-717-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {E.ZandiEsfahan, and S.J.Khajedin, and M.Jafari, and H.Karimizadeh, and H.Azarnivand,}, title = {Relationship between Amount of Growth in Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey) and Edaphic Characteristics in Segsi Plain of Isfahan}, abstract ={In order to determine the reciprocal relationship between the important characteristics of soil and the growth of Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey) plant in segsi plain of Isfahan., ordination method was used. The study was performed through the stratified random sampling and the regions were separated according to the plant age and physical physiognomy, then 10 samples of Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey) of the same age were selected in each region. Meanwhile, factors such as height, canopy cover area, canopy cover perimeter, canopy cover diameter, and basal area were considered. Also, 30 profiles from viewpoint of growth situations in 10 different regions were dug. Soil characteristics such as : pH, Ec, total soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+, Cl-, CO3--, HCO3-, SP%, CaCO3%, CaSO4%, organic matter%, total nitrogen percentage, phosphorous, Na+, K+, SAR, and hardpan depth were measured. Data was analyzed using ordination method. According to the results, samples of the same age showed significant differences in plant features. Other results showed that physical characteristics such as depth of hardpan from soil surface, SP%, and chemical characteristics such as salinity, alkalinity and total nitrogen had the highest effect on qualities of this kind of plant. In other words, the results mentioned above showed the important role of Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey) in sharp increase of salinity and alkanity in it's stratum.}, Keywords = { Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey), Plant characterisitics, Soil characteristics, Ordination method, Segsi plain of Isfahan. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {449-464}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-718-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-718-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {H.Yosef-Zadeh, and K.Spahbodi, and M.Tabari, and Gh.Jalali,}, title = {Study of Seed Germination and Efficiency of Seedling of Maple (Acer velutinum Boiss.) Seeds Collected from 11 Sites in Mazandaran Forests}, abstract ={In this investigation, the effect of seed source on the germination and survival of Acer velutinum Boiss. was assessed. Seeds were collected from 11 seed sources ( located at 20 to 2200 meter a.s.l in Mazandaran forests) and planted in a mountain nursery (Orimelk located at 1550 meter a.s.l) as completely randomized block design with three replications. The results show that the effect of seed source on germination and survival was statistically significant (p<0.01). Germination and survival rates were lower for the Pasands, Ashak and Deis sources, and the maximum seed germination was related to Lamzer site. Effect of seed sources on survival of seedling was significant too. The maximum and minimum survival was related to Lajim and Ashak, respectively. Regarding plan table seedling, the effect of seed source was significant. The maximum efficiency of seedlings has been found in Lajim, Lamzer, Parke Noor and Sangdeh sites, while the minimum range of efficiency was related to Ashak and Pasand2.}, Keywords = { Seed germination, Seedling prodeuction,Acer velutinum Boiss., Seed sources. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {465-470}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-719-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-719-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.Amoaghaei,}, title = {The effect of GA3 and Moist-Chilling on Seed Dormancy Breaking of Ferula ovina Boiss.}, abstract ={Ferula ovina Boiss. is one of grazing species whose seed germination faces certain problems. The dormancy characteristics of and optimum conditions for seed germination of this species have not been investigated so far. The present research was designed to investigate the effect of GA3 and moist chilling on seed germination of this plant. At first, a factorial the experiment in a completely randomized design with 6 replicates was performed to evaluate the factors: cold period in 0-3 °C (0,3,5,7,9 weeks), GA3 concentrations (0,500,1000 PPm) and time of GA3 (before cold, during cold, after cold). In the second experiment, the effect of cold duration and GA on T50 Ferula seed was investigated in 6 replications. The best treatment was moist chilling for 7 weeks at 3 C or 3 weeks of moist chilling together with soaking in 500 PPm GA3 solution for 12 h. These treatments significantly increased germination percentage and decreased the time of for germination by 50% (T50) compared to control. The addition of GA3, together with cold duration was more effective than its application before cold period, addition of GA3 after cold period, no further increase in germination occurred. Also increasing GA3 concentration (500 to 1000 PPm) did not have any significant effect on the percentage of germination and could not replace the total need for pre chilling. The results showed that Ferula ovina seeds display an endophysiological dormancy that can be released by GA3 and moist chilling treatment.}, Keywords = { Moist-chilling , GA3 , Seed dormancy breaking, Ferula ovina.}, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {471-482}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-720-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-720-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.MousaeiSanjerehei, and M.Bassiri,}, title = {Comparison and Evaluation of Indices of Dispersion Patterns of Plants on Artemisia Sieberi Shrublands in Yazd Province}, abstract ={Selection of efficient indices is very important for detecting and measuring random, uniform and clumped distribution patterns of plants in different plant communities. To compare and evaluate indices of dispersion patterns of plants, three stands were selected in Nodushan, Yazd. A (50m*100m) area was selected within each stand for sampling. Sampling was randomly systematicly conducted. Measurements and counts were made at 50 points and (1 and 2m2) quadrats which were randomly selected along four 100m transects within each sampling area. Indices of dispersion using quadrate studied in this survey include: Standardized index of Morisita, Morisita's index, Green's index, Dispersion (variance/mean ratio) index , Lloyd's index of patchiness and distance indices of dispersion including Pielou, Hopkines, T square, Eberhardt , Hines, Johnson and Zimer and Holgate indices. Results showed that T square and Holgate indices were more powerful than the other indices for detecting intensity of small-scale and tightly clumped pattern of shrubs because the two indices could distinguish between single individuals and the individuals on the edges of dense and small clumps. Johnson and Zimer index and Standardized index of Morisita (in shrublands with plant cover greater than 5%) were more efficient than the other indices for determining spatial pattern of these small clumps and single individuals. Among studied indices of dispersion, Green's index had the highest precision and with the exception of this index, distance indices were more precise than the quadrate indices.}, Keywords = { Indices of dispersion patterns of plants, Quadrate indices of dispersion, Distance indices of dispersion. }, volume = {11}, Number = {40}, pages = {483-495}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-721-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-721-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Yasi, and M.Mohammadi,}, title = {Study of Labyrinth Spillways with Curved Planform}, abstract ={  A labyrinth spillway is an overflow spillway to regulate and control flow in canals, rivers and reservoirs. The main hypothesis for the development of such a spillway is to increase the discharge per unit width of structure for a given headwater. This type of structure is often an efficient alternative to a gated-spillway type where either the increase of the flood-passage capacity or the control of the water surface upstream is concerned. This study was aimed to investigate the hydraulic performance of labyrinth spillways of general trapezoidal planform with simple curved apexes. In the experimental work, twelve spillway models with double cycles were considered using three different curved apexes (R/w= 0.15, 0.2, 0.25), each with four different crest heights (w/P= 1.5, 2, 3, 4). Based on the cited recommendations, the length magnification was set to a constant ratio of (l/w= 3) the crest shape was to be of a semi-circular form with simple radius (r= 15 mm) and the spillway walls were vertical with the thickness of T= 2r. An intensive experiment was carried out over a wide range of flows, providing 720 flow data ranging from free flow to submerged flow conditions. 1D flow equation was presented using combined mathematical and dimensional analysis. A coefficient of discharge, Cd, was introduced to represent the influence of the effective geometric and hydraulic parameters on the flow capacity over the spillway. Modular limit was also controlled to see whether the flow over the spillway would be submerged. The results of the study indicate that the modified curved planform of the spillway apexes with consistent divergence in the downstream channel introduces a significant improvement in the flow efficiency over the labyrinth spillways. Spillways with narrower curved apexes (i.e. R/w≤ 0.2), and with the vertical-aspect ratio of (2≤w/P<3) provide more stable and higher hydraulic performance than any other labyrinth planforms over a wide range of flows (i.e. 0.1<H0/P<0.6). In terms of the flow capacity, the proposed spillway model is shown to be more efficient than other zig-zag planforms (i.e. triangular and trapezoidal shapes) with an identical crest length.}, Keywords = {Hydraulic structures, Labyrinth spillways, Curved-planform Weirs, Hydraulic efficiency.}, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {1-13}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-722-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-722-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Akhavan, and S.F.Mousavi, and B.Mostafazadeh-Fard, and A.GhadamiFirozAbadi,}, title = {Investigation of Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Potato with Tape and Furrow Irrigation}, abstract ={To investigate yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of potato with tape and furrow irrigations, an experiment was performed at Hamadan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center (Ekbatan station) in 2004. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot experimental design based on completely randomized block with 3 replications of irrigation water amount as the main factor (75%, 100%, 125% of cumulative evaporation from class A pan) and sub-factor of irrigation method [including tapes in the middle of furrow ridge on soil surface (TD0), tapes in the middle of furrow ridge at the depth of 5 cm (TD5), tapes on the sides of furrow ridge on soil surface (TS0), and furrow irrigation (F)]. The results indicated that yield of potato increased with increasing water use. Regardless of irrigation method, maximum (32.51 ton/ha) and minimum (19.33 ton/ha) yield of potatoes was achieved with 125% and 75% irrigation water treatments, respectively. The lowest yield (21.35 ton/ha) was obtained in furrow irrigation and the highest yield (28.91 ton/ha) belonged to tape irrigation (TD5 treatment). The highest WUE (4.68 kg/m3) belonged to tape irrigation (TD5 treatment) and the lowest WUE (3.32 kg/m3) belonged to furrow irrigation (F). The difference in WUE between 75% and 100% irrigation water treatments was not significant. The highest WUE (4.49 kg/m3) was achieved in treatment 125%. Also, it is more economical to use irrigation water treatment of 125%, as compared with other irrigation water treatments.}, Keywords = { Tape irrigation, Furrow irrigation, Water use efficiency, Application efficiency. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {15-27}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-723-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-723-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Majnooni-Heris, and Sh.Zand-Parsa, and A.R.Sepaskhah, and A.A.Kamgar-Haghighi,}, title = {Comparison of MSM Model for Prediction of Potential Evapotranspiration of Maize with FAO Methods}, abstract ={Optimal crop water requirement is needed for precise irrigation scheduling. Prediction of crop water requirements is a basic factor to achieve this goal. In this study, maize potential evapotranspiration (ETp) was prediced by maize simulation model (MSM). Then, it was evaluated and validated using experimental field data obtained in Agricultural Research Station of Shiraz University (Bajghah, Fars province) during 2003 and 2004. Comparison of measured volumetric soil water content with predicted values by MSM model in 2003 and 2004 indicated that this subroutine (prediction of maize evapotranspiration) did not need modification. Also, daily potential evapotranspiration of maize was estimated by using Penman-Monteith equation considering single and dual crop coefficients. Comparison between the results of predicted ETp by MSM model, calculated ETp by Penman-Monteith, and measured irrigation water and soil water content indicated that the prediction of ETp by MSM model was satisfactory. Model prediction of seasonal ETp, potential transpiration (Tp) and soil evaporation (E) were 831, 536 and 329 mm, respectively, in 2003, and 832, 518 and 314 mm, respectively, in 2004. The values of ETp, Tp and E calculated by Penman-Monteith method using dual crop coefficients were 693, 489 and 205 mm, respectively, in 2003, and 700, 487 and 213, respectively in 2004. Maximum rate of predicted potential ETp, Tp and E were 11.1, 8.2 and 5.1 mm d-1, respectively in 2003 and 13.0, 9.0 and 4.0 mm d-1, respectively in 2004. The values of calculated seasonal ETp by Penman-Monteith method using single crop coefficient were 615 and 632 mm in 2003, and 2004, respectively. Comparison between the results of predicted ETp by MSM model, calculated ETp by Penman-Monteith equation with single and dual crop coefficients (FAO-56) and measured values of irrigation water and soil water contents of root depth indicated that FAO-56 methods underestimated the ETp.}, Keywords = {MSM model, Evaluation, Potential evapotranspiration, Crop coefficient, Soil water content.}, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {29-42}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-724-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-724-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {N.Mirghaffari, and H.Shariatmadari,}, title = {Fluoride Distribution in Groundwater, Soil and Some Crops in Isfahan Region}, abstract ={Concentration of soluble fluoride in groundwater, soil, and some crops in Isfahan region was determined by Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) method. The mean fluoride concentration of water samples in the study area was 0.3 and 0.05 mg L-1 in the spring and summer, respectively. These values are in an acceptable limit for irrigation, whereas for drinking water, they are in deficiency range. The average and maximum concentrations of soluble fluoride in soil samples were 1.0 and 3.2 mg kg-1, respectively. In general, the spatial distribution of fluoride in soils showed that fluoride content around major industrial centers such as Isfahan Steel Factory, Mobarakeh Steel Co., and Isfahan oil refinery was higher than other sites. The minimum and maximum fluoride contents of crops were observed in alfalfa as 0.2 and in corn as 4.2 mg kg-1, respectively. Tomato had the highest mean concentration of fluoride as 3.6 mg kg-1. The fluoride concentration in plants positively correlated with the fluoride concentration in irrigation water and soil (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with cation exchange capacity of soil (P < 0.05).}, Keywords = {Soil pollution, Fluoride concentration, Water quality, Isfahan region, Crops. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {43-51}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-725-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-725-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Dehghani, and A.Fotovat, and GH.Haghnia, and P.Keshavarz,}, title = {Effect of Salinity and Cow Manure (Organic Matter) on Distribution and Concentration of Zinc Species in Soil Solution}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Free zinc, Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Salinity. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {53-61}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-726-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-726-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {H.R.Fooladmand,}, title = {Improvement in Estimation of Soil-Moisture Characteristic Curve Based on Soil Particle Size Distribution and Bulk Density}, abstract ={  Soil particle size distribution and bulk density are used for estimating soil-moisture characteristic curve. In this model, soil particle size distribution curve is divided into a number of segments, each with a specific particle radius and cumulative percentage of the particles greater than that radius. Using these data, soil-moisture characteristic curve is estimated. In the model a scale factor, a , is used which may be considered as a constant, or obtained by logistic or linear procedures. F or most conditions, soil particle size distribution curve is not available, but only the percentages of clay, silt and sand could be obtained using soil textural data. In this situation, at first a precise soil particle size distribution must be developed, based on which the soil-moisture characteristic curve can be predicted. According to the previous studies, using particle radius of 999 µ m is more appropriate than radius 125 µ m. Also, adjusted coefficients for estimating soil particle size distribution curve for radii 1 to 20  µ m was obtained. In this study, using the soil textural data of 19 different soils from UNSODA database, soil-moisture characteristic curve of each was estimated with logistic and linear methods based on initial and adjusted soil particle size distribution estimation. The estimated values were compared with the measured data. The results indicated that for most soils, using the combination of logistic and adjusted particle size distribution estimation procedures is more appropriate than the previous methods.}, Keywords = { Soil-moisture characteristic curve, Soil particle size distribution, Bulk density, Logistic procedure, Linear procedure. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {63-73}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-727-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-727-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Jafari, and M.Baghernejad,}, title = {Effects of Wetting and Drying, and Cultivation Systems on Potassium Fixation in Some Khouzestan Soils}, abstract ={Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)‌ and rotational crops have been cultivated without potassium fertilizers for many years in southwestern Iran. Although potassium was removed from this soil, no response has been reported to K fertilizers by crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of wetting and drying, and cultivation systems on potassium fixation in some Khouzestan soils. The results showed that expandable clay mineral was observed in cultivated soils but not in the non-cultivated soils. This may be related to irrigation, and cultivation practices in this soils. By adding K and sequential wetting and drying the amount of K-available increased in sugarcane, rotational cropping and uncultivated soils from 132.6, 226.2 and, 171.6 mgkg-1 to 266, 447 and 628, respectively. These results showed that more K can be fixed after cultivating soils, especially by sugarcane, but available K increased by adding K. All surface soils had higher K fixation capacity than subsurface ones. Also, by application K to these soils, the amount of K fixation decreased with increasing wetting and drying times. The K fixation increased by the increase of cation exchangeable capacity. Significant difference was observed between cultivation system and depth of sampling in 1% levels. High K fixation can be attributed to illite minerals depleted from K. Mica-like minerals formed after adding K, and wetting and drying cycles. Amount of K fixation by clay particle samples was more than the same soil samples but in both the same trend was observed for K fixation. Also, drying and wetting decreased K fixation in the last periods. It may be due to trapping K in the interlayer positions.}, Keywords = { Potassium, Fixation, Sugarcane, Clay, Cation exchangable capacity.}, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {75-90}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-728-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-728-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Safadoust, and M.R.Mosaddeghi, and A.A.Mahboubi, and A.Nouroozi, and Gh.Asadian,}, title = {Short-Term Tillage and Manure Influences on Soil Structural Properties}, abstract ={The increased potential for soil erosion and compaction due to continuous row crop production and intensive tillage is causing some concern and has led to the consideration of reduced tillage techniques as part of the solution. The objective of this study was to investigate the short-term (one-year) influences of different management practices on the physical properties of a sandy loam soil under corn crop. Treatments were the combinations of three tillage systems (no-till, NT chisel plow, CP and moldboard plow, MP) and three composted cattle manure rates [0, 30 and 60 ton (dry weight) ha-1]. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design. Three replicates of the treatments were applied in a randomized block design. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), total porosity (TP), macro-porosity (Macro-P), micro-porosity (Micro-P) of soil and mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, were measured to a depth of 22.5 cm when 100 percent of the tassels appeared. Tillage and manure combination had significant effects on Log[ Ks], TP, Macro-P and Micro-P. The MP system increased pore space and continuity due to complete inversion and loosening, and as a result Ks, TP, Macro-P and Micro-P were higher than NT system. Higher Macro-P observed for CP might have caused higher Ks versus MP. Reduced tillage systems increased MWD and the increment of manure caused an increase in MWD over all tillage treatments. The results indicate short-term positive effects of manure application on soil pore size characteristics and aggregate stability under moldboard and chisel plowings in the region.}, Keywords = { Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Total porosity, Macro-porosity, Micro-porosity, Mean weight diameter, Tillage, Manure.}, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {91-101}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-729-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-729-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Sheklabadi, and H.Khademi, and M.KarimianEghbal, and F.Nourbaksh,}, title = {Effects of Climate and Long-Term Grazing Exclusion on Selected Soil Biological Quality Indicators in Rangelands of Central Zagros}, abstract ={The effect of overgrazing on vegetation changes in central Zagros has been studied by a few scientists, but there is no detailed information on the impact of such practices on soil properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of climate and grazing management on selected soil biochemical properties. Fourteen experimental range sites protected against grazing as well as their adjacent overgrazed sites in Chadegan, Pishkuh and Poshtkuh were selected. In each site, samples were collected from the depths 0-5 and 5-15 cm. Soil organic C (OC), microbial biomass C (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), organic C to total N ratio (C/N), microbial biomass C to organic C ratio (Cmic/Coc) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) were measured and/or calculated. The results showed that the lowest SOC, MBC, TN and Cmic/Coc occur in Chadegan due to low fresh materials input. The above parameters in Pishkuh and Poshtkuh regions are 2.5 to 3 times greater than those in Chadegan area. Grazing intensity in Pishkuh is less than that in Poshtkuh region and there is no significant difference between grazed and protected sites in Pishkuh. But, there is a significant difference between grazed and protected plots in Poshtkuh due to a higher grazing intensity. Higher Cmic/Coc and lower qCO2 suggest that the quality of organic matter is better in Poshtkuh and Pishkuh. In conclusion, highly degraded rangelands in Pishkuh and Poshtkuh seem to be able to recover very quickly with proper management, while Chadegan region needs a much longer period of time to restore.}, Keywords = { Soil chemical quality, Biological quality, Climate, Grazing management, Central Zagros. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {103-116}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-730-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-730-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.H.Raoufat, and M.KazemiNajafAbadi,}, title = {Performance of a Bentleg Subsoiler with Shallow Tines in a Clay Soil}, abstract ={The present research was intended to alleviate the problems and costs of deep tilling in sugarcane production in Mian-Ab sugarcane farms located in Khuzestan province, Iran. The main objective was to investigate the feasibility of subsoiling operations with bentleg subsoiler (BLS) equipped with shallow tines, a combination expected to increase the critical depth resulting in less power consumption and improved soil physical conditions. Six treatments arranged in a completely randomized block design were used to measure the draft force (except for the bulldozer mounted rippers), disturbed soil cross-sectional area and penetration resistance. The treatments included (1) subsoiling with rippers mounted on bulldozer, (2) BLS without attachment, (3), and (4) BLS equipped with single tine at working depths of ½ and ⅓ of target depth, (5) and (6) BLS equipped with two tines at ½ and ⅓ target depth. The experiment was replicated three times. The results indicated that BLS without attachment had the highest draft requirement as compared with other BLS treatments with shallow tines. In general, tine attachment resulted in less draft mainly due to displacement of critical depth to lower soil zones. Increasing the number and depth of shallow tines resulted in less draft force. The BLS equipped with two tines working at ½ target depth exhibited minimum drawbar power. The inclusion of shallow tines resulted in 21% reduction in drawbar power requirement as compared to BLS without tine attachment. The cross-sectional area of the soil tilled by ripper was minimum. Furthermore, the tilled area was not uniform and subsequent subsoiling operations were needed. The average soil cross-sectional area per unit width was improved by BLS treatments by a factor of 2.3 as compared with that of ripper. The highest cone index was obtained in plots tilled by ripper the BLS reduced this index in a significant manner. The soil worked with subsoiler equipped with tines exhibited the least resistance. The range of wheel slippage for BLS treatments was 12-16% which lies in the upper end of the recommended range for optimum traction efficiency. The proposed idea proved prominent in subsoiling fine textured compact soils.}, Keywords = { Subsoiling, Bentleg subsoiler, Shallow tines, Sugarcane. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {117-129}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-731-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-731-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {F.Kamiab, and A.Vesvaei, and A.Ebadiand, and B.Panahi,}, title = {Determination and Evaluation of the Flowering Time, Pollen Quantity and Quality in The Some Male Genotypes of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)}, abstract ={This research was conducted in order to select male genotypes of pistachio with good performance. The study was performed on 10 genotypes in regard to their flowering time, pollen quantity and quality. The results indicated that flowering times of P1, P2 genotypes were simultaneous with Kallehghochi P3, P4, P5 genotypes with Ahmad Aghaii P6 and P7 genotypes with Ohadi and P8, P9, P10 genotypes with Akbari. Inflorescence weight showed big differences between them, ranging from 4.5gr for P6 to 1.66gr for P8. The amount of pollen per inflorescence also showed big difference, ranging from 71mg for P2 and 267mg for P5. In order to determine the percentage of pollen germination, a medium consisting of sucrose, agar and boric acid was used. The percentage of pollen germination also showed big difference, ranging from 30%for P3 and P4 and 85% for P10. Stored pollen at 4°C temperature showed 30% germination after one month and 0% germination after three months. The results also indicated that the percentage of pollen germination in culture medium without boric acid was lower, compared with other treatments. The viability of pollens collected from cutting inflorescences kept in water bottle was higher than that obtained from dried inflorescences maintained in room condition.}, Keywords = { Pollen quantity, Pollen quality, Genotype, Inflorescence, Pollen germination. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {131-140}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-732-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-732-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Golestani, and H.Pakniyat,}, title = {Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Indices in Sesame Lines}, abstract ={To investigate genetic variation, and identification of tolerant genotypes according to quantitative indices of drought tolerance, 8 sesame genotypes were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications under optimum and limited irrigation at the Research Station of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University. Based on the potential yield and yield under stress, quantitative indices of drought tolerance such as mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance index (STI), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and tolerance index (TOL) were determined. The result of analysis of variance exhibited highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the indices measured, and yield under optimum and limited irrigation, indicating the existence of genetic variation among genotypes, and thus the possibility of selecting drought tolerant genotypes. Mean comparison displayed that the highest potential yield, stress yield, MP, GMP, HM and STI were related to the genotype number 5. Correlation analysis between indices, mean potential and stress yields indicated that every four indices are suitable for screening the genotypes. Based on these indices and higher yields under optimum and limited irrigation the best drought tolerant genotypes were identified to be genotypes number 4 and 5. Multivariate biplot indicated that the genotypes number 4 and 5 were located next to the vectors of drought tolerance indices, including MP, GMP, HM and STI. Cluster analysis showed genetic distance among genotypes. As a result, genotypes number 4 and 5 were identified as drought tolerant and genotypes number 1, 2 and 3 as susceptible to drought.}, Keywords = { Sesame, Genetic variation, Drought tderance, Quantitative indices. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {141-150}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-733-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-733-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {E.Feyzian, and M.JalaliJavaran, and H.Dehghani, and H.Zamyad,}, title = {Analysis of the Genetic Diversity Among Some of Iranian Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Landraces Using Morphological and Rapd Molecular Markers}, abstract ={Germplasm collection is the base of plant breeding. Iran is one of the most important centers of genetic diversity due to different climates and the old civilization.In this study we decided to collect melon accessions. The north and center of Iran were selected for this purpose. Fifteen qualitative and six quantitative traits were measured on thirty eight accessions. The cluster analysis by the use of UPGMA method and Jaccard coefficient helped separate the horticultural groups of Cucumis melo L. (Cantaloupensis, Inodorus, Flexousous, Reticulatus). The relationship between 30 of these accessions was assessed using 10 RAPD primers. The polymorphism was determined to be19%. The cluster analysis could not separate the horticultural groups of Cucumis melo L., showing that these groups are closely related. However, VB84 primer separated the tow Snakemelon.}, Keywords = { Melon (Cucumis melo L.) , Germplasm collection, Genetic diversity, Morphological marker, RAPD Molecular marker. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {151-163}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-734-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-734-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Siah-Marguee, and M.H.Rashed-Mohasel, and M.Nasiri-Mahallati, and M.Banayan-Aval, and A.A.Mohammad-Abadi,}, title = {Evaluation of Conventional Management of Fallow-Forage Barley and Sugar Beet-Forage Barley Rotations and its Effect on Density and Distribution of Different Species of Weeds}, abstract ={This study was performed in two barley fields, in Experimental Station, Agricultural College of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2003. Sampling was done by systematic method in which samples were taken from the corners of 7m*7m grids using 0.5m 0.5m size quadrates in three stages (pre herbicide, post herbicide and pre harvesting stages). The results indicted that the density of annual weed seedlings in sugar beet- barley rotation was more than fallow- barley rotation, and the density of perennial weed seedlings in fallow-barley rotation was more than sugar beet- barley rotation. Map of species distribution and density confirmed patchiness distribution of the weeds. The shape and size of patches differed based on the field and weed species, but spatial distribution did not change considerably before and after the application of herbicide. Percentage of free weeds area was 11.5% and 1.5% in fallow-barley rotation and 0.6% and 0% in sugar beet- barley rotation in the first and second sampling stages, respectively. These results indicate beside emphasis on weed infestation. The result also indicates inefficacy of sugarbeet-barley rotation compared to follow-barley rotation. Apparently, the evaluation of management and paying special attention to weed dispersal within the field assist in the implementation of appropriate management strategy, which includes high efficacy, and profit for farmers as well as least damage to crops.}, Keywords = { Weed, Patchiness distribution, Kriging, Site specific management, Forage barley.}, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {165-175}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-735-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-735-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.M.Majidi, and A.F.Mirlohi, and M.R.Sabzalian,}, title = {Path Coefficient Analysis of Fescue Seed Yield and its Components Affected by Fungal Endophyte}, abstract ={Fescues (Festuca spp) are widely distributed in the temperate regions and are used for turf, forage and soil conservation. Though seed traits are important measures of the effects of endophytic fungi on their host, little information is available in this respect for Festuca. In this study, endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) clones of the six fescue genotypes were used to investigate the effects of endophyte on seed production. The relationships between seed traits plus direct and indirect effects of components on seed yield were also studied. Endophyte infection resulted in 38.1% to 249% more seed yields in some genotypes, though some were not affected by this symbiotic relationship. Correlations between traits and also results of stepwise regression were influenced by the presence of the symbiotic fungi. Path analysis showed that endophytic fungi changed direct and indirect effects of components on seed yield. In endophyte containing clones, panicle fertility had the most direct effects and number of panicle per plant and seed per panicle the most indirect effects on seed yield. In E- clones, panicle fertility had the highest indirect effects and other components had direct effects on seed yield. The results suggested that breeding strategies for increasing seed yield in fescue should consider the presence or absence of endophyte in germplasm.}, Keywords = { Festuca, Endophytic fungi, Path analysis, Seed yield. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {177-189}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-736-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-736-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.ShamsaddinSaied, and H.Farahbakhsh, and A.AMaghsoodiMude,}, title = {Effects of Salt Stress on Germination, Vegetative Growth and some Physiological Characteristics of Canola}, abstract ={In order to study the effects of salinity on germination, vegetative growth and some physiological characteristics of canola cultivars, two experiments were conducted at Research Station of Agricultural College of University of Kerman in 2004. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Block with four replications. Treatments comprised all combinations of different levels of three factors including variety (Kobra × Regent, Ceres and Okapi), salt type (NaCl, CaCl2) and electrical conductivity of saline solution (0, 4, 8, 12 dS/m). Results of variance analysis showed that salinity has a very significant effect on germination percentage, germination homogeneity, germination rate, rootlet and polomul length at the end of the germination stage. Shoot length, dry weight, diameter and number of nodes per shoot were significantly affected also by salinity at vegetative growth. Regarding the two types of salt, none of the measured traits were significantly different. All the mentioned traits decreased with increasing salinity the highest and the lowest values were recorded at control and at 12 dS/m salinity levels. Membrane ion leakage was the only trait which increased significantly. Comparison of means showed germination percentage and germination homogeneity at germination stage and the number of nodes at vegetative growth stage were affected less than other traits by salinity, and they only decreased significantly with increasing salinity to 12dS/m. The effect of cultivar on these traits was also significant (P<0.001). In both growth stages, cultivars response to salinity was different. At germination stage, Ceres and Kobra * Regent cultivars were the most sensitive and tolerant ones in terms of all traits and there was no significant difference between Okapi and Kobra *Regent. At vegetative growth stage, however, Okapi showed less growth than Kobra * Regent and their difference was significant. It seems that evaluation of traits response at germination stage can not be effective to determine salt tolerance of canola cultivars.}, Keywords = { Salinity, Germination, Growth, Ion leakage, Chlorophyll, Rapeseed. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {191-203}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-737-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-737-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Salehi, and A.Haghnazari, and F.Shekari, and H.Baleseni,}, title = {Evaluation of Relationship between Different Traits in Lentils (Lens culinaris Medik)}, abstract ={In order to evaluate relationship between Different traits in lentils (lens culinaris Medik), a field study was conducted as an RCBD based design with 3 replications on Zanjan University Research Farm during spring of the year 2004. ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences for all characters except for the number of primery branches. Correlation analysis indicated positive and significant correlation between seed yield and harvest index, number of primery branches, pods/plant and biological yield, and grian yield. The result of the factor analysis also showed that the second factor including number of primery branches, pods/plant, grian yield, canopy width and seeds/plant was an important trait involved in the grian yield in lentil. In addition, cluster analysis helped divide the genotypes into four distance groups of large, medium, semi medium and low yields.}, Keywords = { Lentil, Correlation, Yield, Yield components, Lens culinaris Medik. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {205-216}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Nekouei, and M.Rahimmalek,}, title = {Introduction of the Flora and Life Forms of Weeds of Isfahan Vineyards}, abstract ={Flora identification of each region plays an important role in the maintenance of natural resources of each country and it is a prerequisite to supplementary phylogenetics and genetic diversity studies. During February 1994 to August 1995, in a two-week interval, vineyards in two districts of Isfahan province, namely Zarinshahr and Tiran & Karvan were visited and weed samples were collected in flowering stages. All collected specimens were identified using specimens present in Herbarium of colleges of agriculture and natural resources of Isfahan University of Technology and other available references. The analysis revealed that in Tiran and Karvan, 84 species belonged to 71 genera and 26 families and in Zarinshahr 62 species belonged to 51 genera and 23 families. Species dominance in both districts belonged to Asteraceae and Gramineae families. Analysis of plant life forms using Raunkiaar method showed that Therophytes with 79.5% and Geophytes with 8.3% were the most frequent life forms in both Zarinshahr and Tiran & Karvan regions.}, Keywords = { Weeds, Flora , Life forms, Vineyards.}, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {217-226}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-739-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-739-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {V.Narjesi, and H.ZeinalKhaneghah, and A.Zali,}, title = {Evaluation of Genetic Relationship of Some Important Agronomic Traits with Seed Yield in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] by Multivariate Analysis Methods}, abstract ={Thirty soybean cultivars from different maturity groups were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Research Station of College of Agriculture at Tehran University in Karaj in 2004. The purpose was to determine genetic relationship of some important agronomic traits related to seed yield. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among varieties for the traits under study, indicating the existence of genetic variation among varieties. Number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and 100-seed weight, all of which are considered yield components, had the highest genotypic correlation with seed yield. Using stepwise regression analysis, 85.6 % of seed yield variation was attributed to four traits, including harvest index, biological yield, protein precent and number of seeds /plant. Harvest index was more important for predicting seed yield compared to other traits based on standardized ßs. Results of path analysis showed that the harvest index and protein precentage had the highest and lowest direct and positive effect (p=0.536), (p=0.008), respectively. Therefore, harvest index may be considered as a selection criteria to improve seed yield in breeding programs. Results of factor analysis showed five independent factors accounted for 80.2 % of total variations in data. The first principle determined 28.2 % of total variation and was designated as phenologic factor.}, Keywords = { Soybean, Coeficient correlation, Seed yield, Path analysis, Factor analysis. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {227-236}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {P.Sharifi, and M.Tajbakhsh,}, title = {Effect of Detopping after Pollination and Plant Density on Yield and Yield Components in KSC 704 Cultivar of Corn}, abstract ={To evaluate the effect of plant density and detopping on grain yield, protein content biological yield harvest index, growth indices, number of cob in each plant, No. of row per ear, No. of grain in each row, thousand seed weight of corn (Zea mays L. ar. SC 704), an experiment was conducted at the experimental statues of Research Center of Uremia Agricultural College in 2004. The Treatment design was split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots included plant density at three levels (53000, 66000, and 88000 Plants/ha) and the subplets comprised three levels: (1) no detopping (control) (2) removing canopy only and (3) removing canopy and three leaves above the node. Analysis of Variance of data showed that both detopping treatment and plant density influenced the number of kernel per ear ,1000 grain weight, ear weight, total dry weight of biomass, seed yield and harvest index. Canopy detopping led to a marked increase in photo assimilateion import grains. The highest plant density evaluated, 88000 plants per hectare with detopping of three above leaves had the highest number of cobs per square meter. In plant density of 53000 plants per hectare and canopy detopping treatment, the number of grain per ear was greater than other densities. The efficiency of harvest index increased under corn detopping compared with control, and this increase with an increase in photosynthesis contributed to grain yield. It was concluded that major increase in grain yield under high plants density and tassel detopping was due to improvement of physiological indices.}, Keywords = { Corn, Detopping, Plan density, Grain yield, Yield components. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {237-245}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-741-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-741-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.Honarnejad,}, title = {Estimation of Genetic Parameters in Rice Using Different Diallel Methods of Griffing Approach}, abstract ={Six Iranian rice cultivars (Binam, Domsiyah, Shahpasand, Sepidrud, Khazar and Valed 46) were crossed in 1989 in the Iranian Rice Research Institute in Rasht, Iran in a full-diallel design. The F1 progenies together with parents were transplanted in a CRBD in the 5 x 0.75 m plots at plant density of 25 x 25 cm (60 plantlets per plot) in 3 replications. Part of this research was published in 1994 as a half-diallel design and the data of full-diallel, using Griffing approach, is subject of this paper. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes. The mean of six parents, 15 crosses and 15 reciprocal crosses were analyzed using the four diallel crossing systems of the Griffing approach. The SS of genotypes were separated into GCA for each parent and SCA for each cross using corresponding formula. The additive variance (VA) and dominance variance (VD) values were estimated using the table of variance analysis. The heritability (h2ns) was also estimated from VA and VD variances. The simple variance analysis of “grain yield per plant” and other agronomic traits using each of the 4 diallel crossing methods of Griffing showed significant differences (P < 1%) among genotypes, indicating a sufficient genetic potential of the investigated genotypes. The GCA variance analysis of the lines was significant for all the characteristics, indicating the importance of additive variance (VA) by inheritance of these traits. Using Griffing’s diallel methods 1 and 3, SCA variances for all investigated traits showed significance, whereas in the methods 2 and 4, traits “1000 grain weight” and “tiller per plant” were not significant according to SCA. This also indicates the importance of dominant variance (VD) in most of the traits, except for “1000 grain weight” and “tiller per plant”. The differences among the reciprocal crosses in diallel methods 1 and 3 were also examined where for all the characteristics (except for “deaf grains per panicle” and “length to breadth ratio of brown rice grain”) significant differences were observed, suggesting the possibility of cytoplasmic effect of mother line on the reciprocal crosses. The heritability (h2ns), which indicates the ratio of additive variance (VA) to phenotypic variance (VP), was estimated to be equal to zero due to the absence of additive variance for grain per panicle and the number of days from transplanting to full maturity of grain. The heritability for other characteristics was estimated high or low according to additive variance. For example in all 4 diallel methods the heritability estimation for length to breadth ratio of brown rice grain was relatively high (65 – 71%) whereas for “panicle length” and “grain yield per plant” was relatively low (13 – 48%). The correlation among genetic parameters (VA, VD, D, h2ns ) were generally high and significant.}, Keywords = { Diallel, Rice, GCA, SCA, Heritability. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {247-259}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-742-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-742-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {J.NoriAzhar, and P.Ehsanzadeh,}, title = {Evaluation of Interrelationship of Growth Indices and Grain Yield of Five Maize Hybrids under Two Irrigation Regimes in Isfahan}, abstract ={Defining interrelationship of growth analysis factors and yield of crop plants is important in the field crop production practices. This research was aimed at studying growth factors and grain yield of five maize hybrids, consisting of S.C.704, S.C.700, S.C.647, S.C.604, and S.C.301, using two 4-replicate RCBD experiments in Isfahan, in Summer 2004. While one experiment was irrigated normally, the other one was conducted under delayed irrigation conditions. Maize plants were seeded at 95000 plants/ha in 8-row plots, with rows spaced 0.70m apart and 0.15m distance between plants on each row. Delayed irrigation led to a significant decrease in LAImax, LAD, LADLinear and LADs-m, but a significant increase in days to silking. While CGRLinear significantly correlated with LAImax, LAD, LADLinear and LADs-m, a significant correlation was observed between total biomass and grain yield. CGRLinear, LAImax, and LADs-m significantly correlated with total biomass, and grain yield significantly correlated with yield components, harvest index, CGRLinear and LAImax. In conclusion, an increase in LAImax resulted in a higher CGRLinear and in turn a greater total biomass. But, considering no significant correlation between total biomass and harvest index, it appears that with the genotypes and under conditions of the present study, allocation of dry matter to grain production did not correlate with the leaf area attributes of corn.}, Keywords = { Zea mays, LAI, LAD, CGR,Yield. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {261-273}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-743-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-743-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {E.Dehghan, and A.Naderi,}, title = {Evaluation of Salt Tolerance in Three Varieties of Corn}, abstract ={This study included two experiments conducted in 2000-2001 for surveying the effects of saline water irrigation on yield and yield components in corn varieties. Experiments were conducted in a silty-clay soil in Ahwaz Agricultural Research Center. First experiment was conducted as a split plots and randomized complete blocks design in three replications. Main plots included salinity levels 2, 4, 6 and 8dS/m and subplots included three single cross hybrids of corn 704, 711 and 647. In the other experiment the effects of saline water 8dS/m at different growth stages including the stage of planting to plant establishment. (G1), flowering and pollination (G2) and grain filling (G3), were evaluated. The results of the first expriment showed that there was very significant difference among water salinity levels for yield, thousand kernel weight, percentage of corn fertility and percentage of plants containing corn. The highest and lowest grain yield were obtained for salinity levels 2 and 8dS/m treatments respectively. Differences among varieties and interaction of treatments were significant for grain yield, and highest grain yeild was obtained for 704 and 711 varieties on saline water 2dS/m. The results of the other expriment showed that highest and lowest tolerance to irrigation with saline water on corn were G3 and G1 growth stages respectively. Consequently, hybrids 704 and 711 were more sensitive than the 647, but the obtained yield, suggests that 704 and 711 hybrids can be cultivated under these conditions.}, Keywords = { Corn, Saline water, Irrigation, Yield, Khouzestan. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {275-284}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Rajaee, and H.A.Alikhani, and F.Raiesi,}, title = {Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Potentials of Azotobacter chroococcum Native Strains on Growth, Yield and Uptake of Nutrients in Wheat}, abstract ={Azotobacter chroococcum is an important PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) producing compounds needed for plant growth. The aim of this research was to study the effects of different native strains of Azotobacter chroococcum on growth and yield of wheat under greenhouse counditions. Seeds of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Pishtaz) were inoculated with some Azotobacter chroococcum strains capable of producing IAA, HCN, sidrophore and fixing molecular nitrogen. The inoculation of wheat with those strains had a positive, significant effect on biological yield, seed protein percentage, thousand seed weight, leaf area, N, P, Fe and Zn uptake, in particular, by wheat. The increased growth of wheat was most likely due to the production of IAA and enhanced nitrogen fixation by inoculated strains. Some strains of Azotobacter chroococcum native to Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari are established as PGPR. Results also support the efficiency of Azotobacter chroococcum as an important biofertilizer in wheat cropping systems. The selected strains had a significant effect on wheat growth and yield, including biological yield and seed quality under greenhouse counditions. This beneficial effect of Azotobacter chroococcum on wheat is attributed mainly to IAA production and, to some extent to non symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere. So, these strains can potentially be used to improve wheat nutrition of micronutrients such as Fe and Zn, in particular.}, Keywords = { Azotobacter chroococcum , PGPR, IAA, Siderophore, HCN, Biological nitrogen fixation, Wheat growth, yield, Nutrient uptake. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {285-297}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-760-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-760-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.H.JamaliZavareh, and A.SharifiTehrani, and M.Mohammadi,}, title = {Effects of Leaf Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis on the Defense Responses of Host in Cucumber-Powdery Mildew Interaction}, abstract ={One of the properties of systemically acquired resistance in plants is their concomitance with the biochemical changes including enhancement of activities of defense-related enzymes. The leaf extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai is known to be an effective compound for the control of a few plant diseases particularly powdery mildew of cucurbits (caused by fungal pathogen Podosphaera fusca), by inducing host defense responses. In the present investigation, the effects of this extract on some defense responses of cucumber plants were studied via in vivo tests. Changes of defense responses in the extract treated-cucumber plants, with or without pathogen inoculation, were studied and compared with those of non-treated control plants. Results indicated that specific activity of peroxidase increased significantly in treated tissues. Enhancement of enzyme activity showed the same patterns in both the pathogen inoculated- and non-inoculated-plants thus the pathogen attack did not affect the enzyme activity. Specific activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the non-inoculated extract treated-plants showed a transient fast increase during 24 hours after the treatment, whereas in the inoculated ones, it showed a permanent slow increase probably due to the interaction between extract treatment and pathogen attack. Phenolic content of extract treated-plant tissues, despite small fluctuations, did not show any definite pattern of changes.}, Keywords = {Cucumber, Powdery mildew, Podosphaera fusca , Phenolic content, Peroxidase, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.}, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {299-307}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {E.Karimi, and H.Rouhani, and D.Zafari1, and Gh.Khodakaramian, and M.Taghinasab,}, title = {Biological Control of Vascular Wilt Disease of Carnation Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi by Bacillus and Pseudomonass Strains Isolated from Rhizosphere of Carnation}, abstract ={In order to study the biological control of carnation vascular wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi, 141 bacterial strains were isolated from carnation rhizosphere, and their antagonistic activity was evaluated against fungal pathogen in dual culture method. Among the tested strains, 16 strains showed antagonistic activity seven of them with more activity were selected for further investigation. Based on phenotypic features, strains E31 and E57 were identified as Bacillus cereus E76, E93, E102 and E121 as Bacillus subtilis and E130 as Pseudomonas fluorescens bv. III. All bacterial strains inhibited mycelial growth of F. o. f. sp. dianthi by production of non-volatile and volatile metabolites under laboratory condition. Microscopical analysis showed that all strains caused deformation of pathogen mycelium, and metabolites of these strains reduced conidia production rate and as well as the ability of conidia germination. In the in vivo tests, in sterilized and nonsterilized soils, the effect of bacterial strains was studied on disease severity, percentage of healthy plants and the growth rate of plants using soil inoculating and root-dipping into bacteria-methyl cellulose mixture methods. The E57 and E121 strains, in both methods, and E130 in root-dipping method showed highest effect on decreasing of disease severity and increasing of healthy plants percentage. Strains E57, E121 and E130 significantly increased total dry weight of carnation. Maximum dry weight was obtained by E57 and E130 in soil inoculating and root –dipping methods respectively.}, Keywords = {Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Biological control, Vascular wilt, Carnation.}, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {309-320}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-746-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-746-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.Sepehri, and GH.Tahmasebi, and M.J.JalaliZonoz,}, title = {Estimating the Number of Sex Alleles in Honeybee Colonies in Central Region of Iran and its Relationship with Stored Pollen, Colony Population and Honey Yeild}, abstract ={During the honeybee breeding project in central Iran, sex alleles homozygoty and sex alleles number in the third generation of 364 colonies were studied in 2003. Sex alleles homozygoty was measured based on Ruttner (1988) and Tarpy and Page (2002) methods. The total area of worker brood area, stored pollen, and drone brood area were measured on the combs. The whole extracted honey weight and remaining honey in the combs were evaluated as honey production of colonies. Adult population was evaluated based on the number of full combs of adult honeybees. The results showed that sex alleles, average homozygoty and number in the colonies were 18.83% and 5.32 respectively. The results showed no significant correlation between homozygoty of sex alleles or sex alleles number and stored pollen ( P > 0.05 ) , but significant negative correlation between sex alleles homozygoty and colony population, total brood area and honey yield ( P < 0.01 ) was observed. So introduction of new sire colonies in the mating Isolated area is essential to prevent sex alleles homozygoty and also performance of honeybee colonies from decreasing.}, Keywords = { Honeybee, Sex alleles Homozygoty, Sex alleles number, Honey yield, Brood area, Colony population, Stored pollen, Iran. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {321-332}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Mazaheri, and B.Hatami, and J.Khajehali, and S.E.Sadeghi,}, title = {Reproductive Parameters of Aeolesthes sarta Solsky (Col., Cerambycidae) on Ulmus Carpinifolia Borkh. under Laboratory Conditions}, abstract ={Sarta longhorned beetle, Aeolesthes sarta, is one of the most destructive wood borer pests of fruit and shade trees in Iran. In this research, the reproductive parameters were studied under laboratory conditions. Fifteen pairs of newly developed adults (1-2 days after emergence from overwintering sites) were caged separately on 15 logs of Ulmus carpinifolia and fertility table was made using this data. The results showed that 3.9±0.2 days after emergence, females began to oviposit for 16.6±0.6 days, as oviposition period. Mean number of laid eggs was 122.6±17.5 per female. The mean longevity of male and female was 26±0.6 and 29.4±0.4 days, respectively. Females had no mortality during oviposition period, so gross reproductive rate (GRR) and net reproductive rate (R0) (famale/female/generation) were equal (61.6±8.7). Intrinsic rate of increase (rm), mean generation time (T) and doubling time of the population (t) were 0.0067±0.24-5 famale/female/day, 612.5±0.4 and 102.7±3.6 days, respectively. The finite rate of increase (λ) (female/female/day) was 1.006±0.24-5. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was very low (0.00672), because of longer lifetime of females (mean 602 days), low longevity during reproductive period (maximum 22 days) and long mean generation time (612.5 days).}, Keywords = { Cerambycidae, Aeolesthes sarta, Reproductive parameters, Fertility table. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {333-343}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.HosseinzadehColagar, and A.Mostafaie, and M.Motallebi, and M.R.Zamani,}, title = {Bean Polygalacturonase-inhibiting Proteins Inhibits Polygalacturonase from Fusarium Oxysporum and Ascochyta rabiei of Chickpea}, abstract ={Plant pathogenic microorganisms produce a variety of enzymes capable of degrading different polysaccharides of the plant cell walls. Pathogens use these enzymes to penetrate and colonize host cells. Polygalacturonases are thought to be the first cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by pathogens when they grow on plant cell walls. Oligogalacturonic acids with the polymerization degrees of 10 to 13 are intermediate products of pectin degradation by the action of polygalacturonases and are known to activate plant defense responses. PG- inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) present in the cell wall of many plants increase the stability of oligogalacturonic acids in the tissues by modulating fungal PG activities. These glycoproteins of the plant cell extracellular matrix retard the advancement of fungal hyphae, reduce tissue maceration, and prevent colonization of pathogen. In this study, Phaseolus vulgaris PGIPs were extracted from hypocotyle of Derakhshan and Naz bean cultivars. PvPGIPs were purified by afinity chromatography and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Three major bands in the range of 47-55 kDa were detected. Average yield of The affinity-purified PGIPs was 1.68 mg per 100 gram of fresh bean hypocotyle. The inhibitory effect of PGIP was assayed on the PG activities of highly virulent isolates of Fusarium oxysporum (F15) and Ascochyta rabiei (IK04). The inhibitory activity of crude PGIP from Naz and Derakhshan cultivars on polygalacturonase activity of F. oxysporum was 18 and 28 units, respectively. These inhibitory activities increased to 40 units after purification. The inhibitory effect of crude PGIPs from both these two cultivars on PG activity of A. rabiei was 9 units, while purified PGIPs inhibited this PG activity to 18 and 29 units, respectively.}, Keywords = { Polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ), Purification, Affinity Chromatography, Fusarium Oxysporum, Ascochyta rabiei }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {345-356}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.Sadeh, and M.Azar, and M.Shahedi, and M.T.Mazloomi,}, title = {Effect of Package Type and Fat Concentration on Vitamin A Losses and Sensory Characteristics of Milk Fortified with Vitamin A}, abstract ={Homogenized milks at 0.5 and 2.5% fat content were each fortified with three levels of Vitamin A palmitate at 3000, 4000 and 5000 IU/L. Vitamin was added just before homogenization and then pasteurized milks were packed in polymeric pouches and glass bottles. All samples were refrigerated at 4-5 °C for 48 hours. Any reduction in vitamin A level was monitored using HPLC, while sensory evaluation was conducted in order to rank the samples. ANOVA and Friedman analyses indicated that fat content along with package type had a significant effect on the residue of vitamin A. The loss of vitamin A was significantly higher in 0.5% milk either packed in polymeric pouch or glass bottle. However, besides fat concentration, more vitamin A was lost in glass bottles rather than polymeric pouches. Sensory evaluation showed that milk fortification had no adverse effects on color and flavor of the product.}, Keywords = { Fortification milk, Vitamin A, HPLC, Sensory evaluation. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {357-364}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Abassi, and S.Foroughinia,}, title = {Influence of some Physical and Chemical Parameters on Flow Behavior of Salab Gum (Orchidaceae orchis) Solutions}, abstract ={Salab gum is a hydrocolloidal compound which can be extracted from detached roots, tubers as well as rhizomes of Orchidaceae family. Apart from its applications in pharmaceuticals it has many potential usages in foodstuffs particularly ice cream and local soft drinks. However, there is little evidence about its rheological properties in the literature. Therefore, in the present study, the influence of variables such as concentration (2–7 g l-1), temperature (5–55°C), pH (2, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 11) as well as rotational speed (up to 200 rpm) were examined on the apparent viscosity and flow behavior of the gum solution. Regarding the effect of the abovementioned parameters, our findings revealed that increasing rotational speed or shear rate at low concentrations (3 and 4 g l-1) had no effect on the apparent viscosity and those samples behaved like Newtonian fluids whereas, at slightly higher concentrations (5–7 g l-1), with increasing the rotational speed, the apparent viscosity diminished and the solution consequently showed a Pseudoplastic behavior. In all these experiments, the apparent viscosity was enhanced with increasing the concentration and diminished with increasing the temperature. In addition, changing the pH showed no significant effect on the apparent viscosity in the majority of samples. Furthermore, using mathematical equations, experimental findings (namely rotational speed and torque) were converted to their fundamental counterparts (shear rate and shear stress) and discussed.}, Keywords = { Salab, Rheology, Apparent viscosity, Temperature, Flow behavior. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {365-372}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.EsmailKhanian, and A.NegatiJavaremi, and F.Afraz, and P.Daneshyar, and S.Ghanbari,}, title = {Genetic Variation among Baluchi Sheep Population Using Microsatellite Markers}, abstract ={In order to identify polymorphic microsatellite markers and evaluae genetic variation within Baluchi sheep population, nineteen microsatellite loci were studied. Whole Blood samples were collected from 156 sheep at north eastern animal breeding station of Iran (Abbasabad-Mashhad). DNA was extracted by salting-out procedure with some modifications. Polymerase chain reactions were successfully done except for UNC5C locus. PCR products were electrophoresed on 8% denaturing polyacrylamide gels stained according to rapid silver staining procedure. The genotype and allelic frequencies were calculated by direct counting and used for estimating of different polymorphism and genetic variation criteria. This population wasn't at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for OarAE101 locus (P<0.005). Heterozygosity (gene variation) ranged from 0.1 to 0.93. BULGE5E and BM1329 loci were monomorphic. In conclusion, this investigation showed high polymorphism at the studied loci, so they could be used in future studies.}, Keywords = { Balouchi sheep, Polymorphism, Microsatellite markers, Heterozygosity. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {373-380}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-752-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-752-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Vatankhah, and M.A.Talebi, and M.A.Edris,}, title = {Phenotypic and Genetic Changes of Ewe’s Economic Traits in the Lori-Bakhtiari Sheep Stud}, abstract ={In this study 5025 records from the Lori-Bakhtiari sheep stud were used to predict phenotypic, genetic and environmental change in ewe traits from 1989 to 2004. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of breeding values were estimated by Drivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) procedure using single and multi-trait animal model. Phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends were calculated by regressing of the average phenotypic values, predicted breeding values and environmental values in the year of ewe birth respectively. The estimated phenotypic trends were –0.1223 kg for ewe body weight, -0.0415 kg for greasy fleece weight, 0.6639% for conception rate, 0.0003 for number of lambs born per ewe lambing, 0.0094 for number of lambs weaned per ewe lambing, 0.0380 kg for total birth weight per ewe exposed and 0.4227 kg for total weaning weight per ewe exposed. The estimated genetic trends were 0.0603 kg, -0.0004 kg, 0.0183%, -0.0012, -0.0007, 0.0030 kg and 0.0211 kg from single trait analysis and 0.0549 kg, -0.0006 kg, 0.0089%, -0.0008, -0.0008, 0.0030 kg and 0.0230 kg respectively from multi-trait analysis. The estimated phenotypic and environmental trends were significant but genetic trends were not significant (P<0.05) for often traits.}, Keywords = { Phenotypic trends, Genetic trends, Ewe traits, Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {381-391}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-753-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-753-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {N.Hedaiat, and Y.Rouzbehan, and S.A.M.ModaresSanavi,}, title = {Determination of the Nutritive Value of Three Species of Annual Alfalfa Using in Vitro , in Vivo and Palatability Methods}, abstract ={The nutritive value of the annual alfalfa (Medicago rigidulla, Medicago polymorpha and Medicago scutellata) species harvested at flowering stage was assessed by chemical composition, in vitro dry matter and nitrogen digestibility, in sacco dry matter and nitrogen degradation (0, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h) and palatability (short-term intake rate, STIR) methods. Mean values of the chemical analysis results (%) for M. rigidulla, M. polymorpha and M. scutellata respectively were as follows: OM 85.1, 86.1 and 86.9 CP 25.1, 23.8 and 15.6 NDF 23.2, 24.8 and 30.0 ADF 18.3, 19.9 and 24.0 ADIN 0.36, 0.11 and 0.22 calcium 1.4, 1.3 and 1.2 phosphorus 0.23, 0.28 and 0.24 potassium 1.5, 1.5 and 1.4. The digestibilities of the DM and OM for M. rigidulla were 0.82 and 0.79 M. polymorpha 0.83.5 and 0.80 M. scutellata 0.75 and 0.69, respectively. The degradabilities of DM and CP at outflow rate of 0.05 for M. rigidulla were 0.72 and 0.55 M. polymorpha 0.71 and 0.57 M. scutellata 0.63 and 0.58, respectively. Finally, the palatabilities (using short-term intake rate method) for M. rigidulla, M. polymorpha and M. scutellata species were 13.6, 12.8 and 11.3 (g DM/min) respectively. According to the methods used, the descending ranking order (high to low) of these species on the basis of their nutritional value was M.rigidulla, M.polymorpha and M.scutellata.}, Keywords = { Nutritive value, Annual medics, Chemical composition, Digestibility, Degradability, Palatability. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {393-404}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.A.Gheisari, and A.H.Pourabadeh, and J.Pourreza, and M.Mahlougi, and R.Bahadoran,}, title = {Determination of Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Apparent and True Metabolisable Energy of Different Barley Cultivars in Broiler Chicks}, abstract ={This study was conducted to determine chemical composition and evaluated apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and true metabolisable energy (TME) values of five Iranian barley cultivars. Basal diet contained corn soybean and in each of the test diets barley was substituted for 30% of corn and soybean fractions. The study was carried out in 3 experiments. In experiment 1, metabolisable energy (ME) values were measured by both total collection and markers (chromic oxide) in excreta of 35-d-old chicks. In experiment 2, ME values of the barley cultivars were determined by ileal digesta procedure. In experiment 3, 36 48-d-old broiler chicks (used in experiment 1 and 2) were used to determine TME and the nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) of the barley cultivars. Highly significant differences (P<0.05) between bioassay methods were observed on average barley ME values. The average barley AMEn value measured by ileal digesta method was significantly (P<0.05) higher than excreta (total collection and markers in excreta) (2716 Vs. 2318 and 2124 kcal/kg, respectively). Barley ME values were influenced by cultivar (P<0.05) and the hullless cultivar showed greater AME value than the hulled cultivars (2695 vs. 2407.5 kcal/kg AME 2630 vs. 2324.7 kcal/kg AMEn). Cultivar had no significant effect on barley TME value. It was concluded that there is high variation between energy contents of Iranian barley cultivars. In addition, ileal digesta was found not to be an accurate bioassay for determination of barley AME value in broiler chicks.}, Keywords = { Apparent metabolisable energy, True metabolisable energy, Barley, Broiler chickens. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {405-415}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.M.Amini, and A.Ahmadi, and A.Papzan,}, title = {Investigation and Comparison of Reasons for Farmers Disagreement with Land Consolidation Projects in Kermanshah and Lenjanat Region in Isfahan}, abstract ={The purpose of this study was to assess characteristics of and reasons for farmers’ disagreement on implementation of land consolidation projects. Part of needed information was collected through questionnaire and interviewing 75 farmers in 6 unsuccessful villages in Kermanshah and Lenjanat region and also visiting some performed and ongoing projects. Other part of information was obtained by questionnaire and interviewing 44 experts involved with performing the project in Jahad Agricultural offices. Fragmentation of properties were measured by Januszewski fragmentation coefficient. Correlation coefficient and comparison of mean were used to analyzed the information. The results showed that disagreement of farmers is the most important obstacle for progress on land consolidatin projects, which accounted for farmers. In Lanjanat, these farmers have a better land structures in respect to size and fragmentation of parcels. In both rejoin reasons for farmer’s disagreement are divided in three groups: logical-justified reasons, logical-unjustified and illogical. Mediation, preference and legislative force are the three interactive methods to satisfy these farmers. To decrease disagreements and promote land consolidation in the two regions, following suggestions are offered: education and extension, correcting the technical and adminestrative methods of land consolidation and legal and judicial supports to implement the projects.}, Keywords = { Utilization system, Agricultural land fragmentation, Land consolidation, Disagreement of farmers, Kermanshah, Lenjanat region in Isfahan. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {417-432}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-756-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-756-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {R.Nikdokht, and E.Karami, and M.Ahmadvand,}, title = {Comparative Analysis of Sustainability in Traditional Livestock Production Systems: The Case of Animal Husbandries in Firouzabad County}, abstract ={Sustainability of livestock production systems (LPSs) is of prime importance to the needs of human beings. From a sustainability point of view, an LPS is sustainable when it is environmentally nondestructive, economically viable and socially provides appropriate quality of life for producer and the whole community. Iran LPS is primarily based on traditional production systems. Therefore, an important issue for animal production in this country is the question of sustainability of traditional LPSs.The aim of this paper was to investigate and compare the sustainability of traditional LPSs in Firouzabad County. Three dimensions of sustainability were considered. Survey research was used to reach this purpose. Therefore, 300 livestock producers in “Nomadic”, “Semi-nomadic” and “Village- based” system were interviewed. Respondents were selected by a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Face validity was confirmed by experts and the questionnaires were subjected to reliability testing using data collected in the pilot study. Findings showed that all three LPSs were unsustainable with regard to social, economical, and technico-environmental dimensions. Comparison of LPSs showed that Village-based LPS was from social dimension relatively sustainable and technically and environmentally unsustainable. While nomadic LPS was from social dimension relatively unsustainable and technically and environmentally sustainable.}, Keywords = { Sustainable development, Traditional livestock production, Firouzabad, Fars. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {433-442}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-757-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-757-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.E.Sadati, and S.F.Emadian, and H.Jalilvand, and J.Mokhtari, and M.Tabari,}, title = {Influence of Some Topographic Factors on Distribution of Large-Leaved Lime (Tilia platyphyllos Scop.) in Vaz Forest}, abstract ={The present research was conducted to find the influence of some topographic factors on distribution of large-leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos Scop.) and its natural regeneration characteristics in "Vaz" forest (northern Iran). After identification of site and preparation of topography map, selective sampling method was carried out for tree inventory in plots. The sample plots were circular in 1000-m2 areas with at least 2-3 dominant lime trees in each. In the plots, altitude, slope gradient, direction, forest storey, tree type and natural regeneration were investigated. Results indicate that in this habitat the average diameter at breast height and height of Tilia platyphyllos is 36.9 cm and 23 m, respectively. Tilia platyphyllos prefers 1200-1400 m altitude, 75-100% slope gradient and northeastern to eastern directions and benefits from denser trees in these environments. It consists of some tree types together with Fagus orientalis, Carpinus betulus and Parrotia persica, whereas the dominant type is Tilia platyphyllos-Fagus orientalis. In most of tree types, lime occurs in the upperstorey. Natural regeneration of lime is often observed as sprout (coppice shoot).}, Keywords = {Tilia platyphyllos , Topography, Mixture form, Regeneration, Caspian forests. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {443-452}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-758-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-758-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {F.Kiani, and A.Jalalian, and A.Pashaee, and H.Khademi,}, title = {Effect of Deforestation, Grazing exclusion and Rangeland Degradation on Soil Quality Indices in Loess-Derived Landforms of Golestan Province}, abstract ={To investigate the degree of forest degradation and the effect of land use change on selected soil quality attributes in loess-derived landforms, samples were taken from different land uses including forest, rangeland, degradated rangeland and farmland in Pasang watershed located in the Galikesh area of Golestan province (37°16'N, 55°30'E). The annual average temperature and mean precipitation of study area were 15°C and 730 mm respectively. Organic matter, pH, EC, CaCO3 and nutrients (N, P, K) as chemical indicators, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density and porosity as physical indicators and soil respiration as biological indicator were measured. The results showed that the amount of organic matter decreased three percent when it was turned from forest to farmland, and increased two percent from farmland to rangeland. The amount of CaCO3 in surface layer of deforested area was more than in the forest soils. The amount of soil N in forest and soil P and K in rangeland were higher than in other land uses. Bulk density and porosity in forest and MWD in rangeland were higher than in other land uses because of the decrease in organic matter due to farming activities. Soil respiration in forest was highest as compared to in other land uses. Difference of enzymes activities (L-asparaginase and Dehydrogenase) compared to microbial respiration indicates that enzymes activity is related to specific biological processes while soil microbial respiration basically depends on the general activity of soil microbial population. It could be concluded that amount of organic matter, soil N, bulk density, porosity, MWD, soil respiration and enzymes activities are suitable indicators for soil quality evaluation in this area.}, Keywords = { Deforestation, Land use change, Loess, Soil quality. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {453-464}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-759-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-759-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Goleij, and H.Jalilvand, and M.R.Pormajidian, and M.Tabari, and K.MohammadiSamani,}, title = {A Quantitative Investigation of Natural Regeneration in the Gaps Derived from the First Selective Cut in Meskeli Buxus hyrcana Stand}, abstract ={In order to investigate the success of natural regeneration and to determine the best area for regeneration settlement, 12 gaps with the areas ranging from 50-100, 150-300, and 400-600 m2 and 4 replicates equal elevation level were selected. For measuring frequency, height, and collar diameter of regenerated seedlings, a certain number of 2 m2 subplots were carried out inside the gaps, along the bigger diameter, and related to each gap’s area. Results showed that the number of seedling varies from 5 (in big gaps) up to 28 (in small and moderate gaps) per square meter. Furthermore, there was not a significant difference between the number of seedlings in small and moderate gaps. In contrast, the number of seedlings in small and moderate gaps was significantly different from those in large gaps (at 1% Probability). This finding demonstrates that natural regeneration would be limited in large gaps (400-600 m2) but it shows a better result in smaller gaps, associated with single- tree harvests. The final result of this study shows that the most appropriate area for selective cuting in such an area is up to at most 300 m2.}, Keywords = { Natural regeneration, Gap area, Frequency, Seedling, Box stand, Selective cuting. }, volume = {11}, Number = {41}, pages = {465-473}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {lack, S.h. and naderi, A. and saidat, S. A. and Ayenehband, A. and Nour–Mohammadi, G.H. and Moosavi, S.H.}, title = {The Effects of Different Levels of Irrigation, Nitrogen and Plant Population on Yield, Yield Components and Dry Matter Remobilization of Corn at Climatical Conditions of Khuzestan}, abstract ={  In order to study the effects of different levels of irrigation, nitrogen and plant population on yield, yield components and reserved dry matter remobilization of seed corn (SC. 704 hybrid) a research was conducted at the experimental field in Khuzestan Natural Resources and Agricultural Science University in summer, 2004. This research was made based on three split-plot field experiments, RCBD. Each of the irrigation treatments implemented separately in each experiment have been as follows: Optimum irrigation, Moderate stress and Severe stress (irrigation after drainage 50%, 75% and 100% of available water based on 70%, 60% and 50% of field capacity, respectively). In each experiment three nitrogen levels consisting of 140(N 1 ), 180 (N 2 ) and 220(N 3 ) Kg N ha-1 were applied in main plots and subplots which consisted of three plant populations (D 1 =6, D 2= 7.5 and D 3= 9 plant m-2). There were three replications for each experiment. The results of the combined analysis of variance indicated that the effect of water deficiency stress, nitrogen and plant population on grain and biological yield was significant. With increasing severity of drought stress, the grain and biological yield decreased. The maximum grain yield was estimated to be 1017.04 gm -2 which was related to optimum irrigation treatment. Grain yield reduction was mainly due to reduction of grain per ear and 1000 seed weight. The increase of nitrogen consumption caused an increase in grain yield. The positive effect of nitrogen application on grain yield considerably decreased as a result of the increased water deficiency in soil. The response of grain yield to plant population was positive. The contrary to interaction effects of irrigation and nitrogen, and irrigation, nitrogen and plant population, the interaction effects of irrigation and plant population and also nitrogen and plant population on grain yield were significant. The results indicated that the difference between different levels of irrigation in the case of dry matter remobilization rate was significant. The least and the highest remobilization rate of reserved dry matter was related to optimum irrigation and drought moderate stress treatment, respectively. The efficiency and contribution of remobilization in grain yield increased in response to increasing severity of drought stress, but these traits significantly reduced as a result of nitrogen consumption. Remobilization rate and contribution of reserved materials to grain yield in the highest density (D3) were significantly more than other densities. According to the results of this study, under drought stress conditions, the decrease of inputs consumption, in addition to the decrease of costs, will be followed by the increasing efficiency use of the resources.}, Keywords = {Water deficiency stress, Nitrogen, Plant population, Yield, Remobilization.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-764-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-764-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Pourhadian, H. and Khajehpour, M.R.}, title = {Effects of Row Spacing and Planting Density on Growth Indices and Yield of Safflower, Local Variety of Isfahan “Koseh” in Summer Planting}, abstract ={  Planting patterns through growth indices affect yield formation. To evaluate these effects on safflower, Koseh local variety of Isfahan, a field experiment was conducted in summer, 2004 at the Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan University of Technology. The experiment was performed using a randomized complete block design with a split plot layout and four replications. Main plots consisted of three row distances (20 and 30 cm flat and 45 cm on bed), and sub-plots included two planting densities (40 and 50 plant m-2). The experiment was planted on June 25. The results showed that p lant canopy closed sooner, leaf area duration (LAD) increased and plant dry matter weight, leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) were higher up to the middle of seed development as row distance decreased. In addition, the highest relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were obtained in 20 cm row distance. The highest (3039 kg ha-1) and lowest (1930 kg ha-1) seed yields were obtained with 20 and 40 cm row distances, respectively. Plant density did not affect the rate of canopy closure, CGR, RGR, NAR and seed yield. But, maximum plant dry weight, higher LAI and lower LAD values were obtained with 50 plants m-2. The results obtained in this experiment indicate that 20 cm row distance with 50 plants m-2 might be appropriate for summer planting of safflower, a local variety of Isfahan, under similar conditions.}, Keywords = {Safflower, Row distance, Plant density, Growth indices, Seed yield.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {17-31}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-765-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-765-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Valizadeh, M. and Safarnejad, A. and Nematzadeh, G.H. and Kazemitabar, S.K.}, title = {Regeneration of Plantlets from Embryo Explants of Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch}, abstract ={  Parsi Zira, Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch., which is called Mountainous or Black Zira, is one of the most important medicinal plants with high economic importance. Generally, there is a little information about in vitro culture of Bunium persicum. Fragmented embryo was used as an explant in Bunium persicum regeneration. In this method, a great callus induction and regeneration only on the same medium without any subculture occurred because of being young and having better interaction with medium, leading to reduction of tissue culture time, infection and chemical consumption. In this research, B5 media containing different concentrations of plant growth regulators, NAA and 2,4-D only or together with Kin, were used. The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with 30 treatments and 10 replications per treatment. The highest callus number was obtained from the treatment containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D and 2 mg/l Kin or 1 mg/l NAA and 2 mg/l Kin. Regeneration occurred in some treatments without Kinetin, showing that Kinetin is not essential for Bunium persicum regeneration. The treatment containing 0.1 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l Kin was the best one for regeneration. The best treatment for somatic embryogenesis was 2 mg/l 2,4-D.}, Keywords = {Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch., embryo explant, Regeneration, Tissue culture.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {33-38}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-766-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-766-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Fazlalipour, M. and Rabiei, B. and SamizadehLahiji, H. and RahimSoroush, H.}, title = {Multi-trait Selection for Screening Elite Genotypes of an F2 Rice Population}, abstract ={  Application of selection index for screening desired plants based on complex quantitative traits can be more effective than direct selection. This study was conducted using an F2 rice population consisting of 87 plants derived from a cross between two cultivars Gharib and IR28. The purpose was to establish suitable selection indices for increasing yield and its related traits in research farm of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Rasht, in 2005. Studied traits included the days from sowing, germinated grain to maturity (MD), plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), flag leaf length (FL), flag leaf width (FW), number of panicles per plant (PP), number of grains per panicle (GP), number of spikelets per panicle (SP), 100-grain weight (GW), grain yield per plant (GY), biomass (BM), harvest index (HI), grain length (GL) and grain breadth (GB). Among the studied traits, 100-grain weight (GW), biomass (BM) and harvest index (HI) (0.99) and flag leaf width (FW) (0.35) showed the highest and lowest broad-sense heritability, respectively. Path coefficient analysis revealed that BM, HI, GP had positive direct effects on GY. Calculation of five different selection indices based on optimum and base indices indicated that selection for BM, HI and GP using genotypic path coefficients and their heritability as economic values would be a suitable selection criterion for improving population. Moreover, this study showed that both optimum and base indices show the same genetic progress for the studied traits. Since evaluation of base index, is much easier than the optimum index, it is highly recommended.}, Keywords = {Rice, Genotypic path analysis, Multi-trait selection, Grain yield}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {41-52}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-767-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-767-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {SoltaniHuwyzeh, M. and MirmohammadyMaibody, S.A.M. and Arzani, A.}, title = {Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Genotypes Based on the Ability to Regulate Ion Uptake and Transport at Early Stage of Growth}, abstract ={  Sugarcane is one of the most important sugar crops in the world. Because of semi-arid climate and salinity of its cultivation area in our country, increasing salt tolerance of sugarcane is signifying. To achieve this goal determining salt tolerant cultivars and understanding salinity mechanisms in sugarcane are very important. This study was conducted to evaluate 8 commercial and promising sugarcane cultivars at early stage of growth. A complete randomized design with three replicates and four salinity treatments (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 % NaCl) was used in a hydroponics system. The effect of salinity on absorption, transport and accumulation of Na+, Cl- , K+ and Ca2+ ions in shoot and root was determined. At high level salt concentration, Cl- content in shoot and root increased. Result showed that sodium accumulation in sugarcane plants was more than potassium. By increasing salinity level, sodium uptake and its translocation to shoots increased reducing growth and dry matter yield of plants. With rising salt concentration from medium (0.5%) to high (0.75%), content of chloride in shoot and root of NCO-310 was constant showed that this cultivar had genetic ability to avoid Cl- uptake. CP82-1592 with lowest ratio of shoot / root chloride had minimum transport of Cl- to shoots. Also this cultivar had high content of Ca2+ in shoot and low Na+/Ca2+ ratio at all salinity levels. CP48-103 had low sodium in shoot and relatively low sodium in root. Thus it probably has genetic potential to avoid sodium uptake. At last, exclusion of Na+ and Cl- to older leaves and tillers was seen in CP82-1592 and CP72-2086 cultivars. According to results, to avoid once of absorption and transport, and exclusion of harmful Na+ and Cl- ions were mechanisms that could be used in salinity tolerance of sugarcane.}, Keywords = {Sugarcane, Salinity, Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {56-66}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-768-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-768-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Heydaryzadeh, P. and Khajehpour, M.R.}, title = {The Response of Safflower Genotypes, Local Variety Kouseh to Planting Date}, abstract ={  During the past years, safflower genotypes have been selected from local variety of Isfahan, named Kouseh. The response of these genotypes to planting date might be different. To determine this, performances of several genotypes selected from Kouseh plus Arak 2811 ) as check ( were studied at the Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan University of Technology in 2002-2004. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design with three replications. Planting dates were considered as the main plots and subplots consisted of 22 genotypes of safflower. Number of days from planting to emergence was highest (18.0 days) in early spring planting and lowest (10.3 days) in late spring planting. Days from planting to head visible, flowering and physiological maturity were decreased with delay in planting from autumn to late spring. Days from planting to emergence, head visible and physiological maturity were not influenced by genotype. Genotypes C116 and DP29 had the highest (145.0) and genotype ISF28 the lowest (140.2) days from planting to flowering. Plant height, number of first and second degree branches, number of heads per first and second degree branches, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and seed weight per plant reduced significantly with delay in planting from autumn to late spring. Genotypes C128 and DP7 had the highest (120.0 and 120.5 cm, respectively) and genotype DP9 the lowest (104.2 cm) plant height. Genotypes DP6 and DP9 had the highest (12.8) and the lowest (6.7) first degree branches per plant, respectively. Arak-2811 had the highest (16.9) and genotypes DP9 and DP5 the lowest (7.2 and 7.1, respectively) second degree branches per plant. Number of heads per first degree branches was not significantly affected by genotype. Arak-2811 and genotype C114 had the highest (12.8 and 12.2, respectively) and genotype DP9 the lowest (5.1) number of heads per second degree branches. Genotype DP7 had the highest (45.9) and genotype C111 had the lowest (28.0) number of seeds per head. Genotypes DP3 and C128 had the highest (34.2 g) and lowest (22.0 g) 1000-seed weight, respectively. Genotype DP25 had the highest (20.5 g) and genotypes DP29 and DP9 the lowest (9.9 and 10.0 g) seed weight per plant. Harvest index was not affected by planting date and genotype. The result of this study showed that safflower may yield more in fall planting under conditions similar to this experiment. Genotype DP25 might be recommended for this planting date, genotypes ISF66 and DP25 for early spring planting and genotypes DP7 and ISF14 for summer planting.}, Keywords = {Safflower, Planting date, Developmental stages, Yield components, Seed yield}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {69-79}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-769-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-769-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {ModarayeMashhoud, M. and Esfahany, M. and Nahvi, M.}, title = {Effect of Preharvest Chemical Desiccation on Harvest Time and Grain Quality in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)}, abstract ={  In order to reduce the rainfall damages on rice yield at harvest stage, a field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, in 2004 by using Sodium Chlorate as a chemical desiccant. Five seed moisture contents of Dorfak rice cultivar were considered as experimantal treatments [24 - 28% (M1), 22 - 24% (M2), 20 -22% (M3). 18 - 20% (M4) and control (M5= conventional harvesting)]. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and the effects of treatments on grain yield, head rice yield,seed germination rate and percentage, kernel breakage, kernel cracking, amylose content, gelatinization temperature and gel consistency were evaluated. Results showed that the whole plant and grain moisture contents were significantly reduced in all experimental treatments compared with control. M2 and M3 both cosiderably reduced the plant moisture content in which harvesting occurred 12 and 8 days respectively sooner than the control. In M1, due to high grain moisture and non - simultaneous grain filling in different tillers, many of panicles desiccated prior to maturity lost their quality. In M4, the crop harvested was only 2 days earlier than the control. Analysis of variance showed that there were no significant effects of treatments on evaluated traits. It seems that rice plant could be reliably desiccated by Sodium Chlorat and harvested earlier without any adverse effects on its quality and quantity.}, Keywords = {Chemical desiccant, Grain quality, Rice.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {81-90}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-770-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-770-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Abdulahi, A. and Mohammadi, R.}, title = {Evaluating the Response of Bread Wheat Genotypes to Weed Interference under Dryland Conditions}, abstract ={  The response of bread wheat genotypes to weed interference was evaluated under dryland conditions. An experiment was conducted with 26 genotypes of bread wheat and two known cultivars, Sardari and Azar2, as checks in a strip plot (Split block) arrangement based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in 2002-03 at Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Srarood, Kermanshah. Weed-free and weedyconditions were assigned to horizontal factor with genotypes as vertical factor. Plant height, number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per square meter, grain yield, weed density and dry matter, and indices of Weed Interference Tolelance Index (WITI) and Competition Index (CI) were recorded. Mean comparison showed that genotypes 13, 1, 26 and 8 had higher grain yield than those of checks under both weed-free and weedy conditions. These genotypes also had higher WITI in comparison with the checks. According to CI values, genotypes No. 1, 9, 13, 26 and 27 including checks had a high potential of weed competition. Results of stepwise regression analysis based on WITI as the dependent variable indicated that the number of spike, plant height and number of seed per spike had positive and significant effects on WITI. On the wole, considering WITI and grain yield as two main attributes, genotypes 13, 26, 1 and 8 were selected as appropriate since they showed a high weed competitive ability and also produced higher grain yields under both weedy and weed-free conditions.}, Keywords = {Wheat, Weed interference, Competition, Dryland condition.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {93-102}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-771-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-771-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Moradi, M. and Rezai, A.M. and Arzani, A.}, title = {Genetic Improvement in Grain Yield and Related Traits of Oat Cultivars Released in Canada During 1921 – 1997}, abstract ={  Evaluation of genetic improvement of grain yield and other traits in cultivars released in different years is useful to determine plant breeding impact on grain yield improvement, to define future selection criteria and to identify the desirable environment and traits for further assessment. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic improvement for grain yield and other traits of twelve oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars released in Canada during 1921- 1997, at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, during 2001-3 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The regression of mean grain yield on released year of the cultivars showed that the rate of increase in grain yield during a 76-year period is 32.63 kg h-1 year-1 or 0.63% per year. Breeding programmes have inereased harvest index, grain number per panicle and fertile tillers /m2. The effort of breeders in this period was to decrease plant height and days to heading. The other traits had small changes and showed no specific trends. In general the results of this study showed continous improvement of grain yield in this period. Genetic improvement of grain yield in evaluated cultivars closely correlated with harvest index. Therefore, most variation in grain yield of oats was due to variation in harvest index. Although much of the improvement in grain yield described here could be attributed to the increased harvest index, the scope for further improvement in this character may be limited. Further yield improvement of oats might be achieved by combining high biological yield with high harvest index.}, Keywords = {Breeding contribution, Genetic improvement, Oats.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {105-111}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-772-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-772-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {YousofiAzar, M. and Rezai, A.M.}, title = {Assessment of Drought Tolorance in Different Breeding Lines of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)}, abstract ={  This study was conducted at Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology to evaluate drought tolerance potential of 23 F2:4 wheat lines derived from the cross of Virmarin (susceptible line) and Sardari (tolerant line). A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in each irrigation treatment (i.e. irrigation after 70±3 and 120±3 mm evaporation from class A pan for non-stress and stress conditions, respectively). Drought tolerance and susceptibility indices were calculated for yield, and principal components analysis was performed on the basis of indices. Rosielle and Hambline tolerance index and Fisher and Maurer stress susceptibility index had positive and significant correlation, but their correlations with drought yield and the first two principal components were negative. High value of these components indicates low sensitivity to drought. The first component had high and positive correlations with geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index and harmonic mean. Lines number 4, 17, 11 and 14 with high yields in drought condition, showed high values for these indices. Line number 2 with high yield in non-stress condition and in spite of high sensitivity to stress, was a superior genotype based on these indices.}, Keywords = {Correlation, Principal components, Stress indices, Wheat.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {113-121}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-773-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-773-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sabokdast, M. and Khyalparast, F.}, title = {A Study of Relationship between Grain Yield and Yield Component in Common Bean Cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)}, abstract ={  This research was conducted in order to determine the relationship between grain yield and yield components, using 30 common bean varieties in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural filed faculty of Agriculture,Tehran university In this study 18 traits were assessed on 10 random plants from each plot. The result showed that there were significant differences among varieties in terms of trait under study, indicating the existence of genetic variation among varieties. Also results showed that the grain yield had a positive and significant genotypic correlation with number of seed/pod, pod weight, number of pod/plant, biological yield, days to flowering and maturity. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the maximum variation in grain yield could be attributed to the number pod/plant, number seed/plant, 100 seed weight and pod length. The results of path analysis showed that the highest direct effect, being positive, was related to number seed/plant and the lowest direct effect, which was related to number pod/plant. Factor analysis resulted in three factors that accounted for 78/7% of total variation. The first factor accounted for 38.39% of total variation and was designated as yield and yield component factor. This factor is comprised of pod weight, biological yield, grain yield and number of pod/plant traits.}, Keywords = {Bean, Genetic correlation, Stepwise regression, Path analysis, Factor analysis.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {123-133}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-774-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-774-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Heidar, B. and Saeidi, G.H. and Sayed-Tabatabaei, B.E.}, title = {Factor Analysis for Quantitative Traits and Path Analysis for Grain Yield in Wheat}, abstract ={  In this study, factor analysis was conducted to determine the factors which contributed to the variation of quantitative traits and path analysis was performed to find the direct and indirect effects of yield components on grain yield in bread wheat. A doubled haploid population of 157 lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was evaluated for agronomic and morphological traits, using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2003 and 2004. The results of factor analysis based on maximum likelihood indicated five factors explaining 80.4% and 73.9% of total variation in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The first factor in 2003 had 30.5% contribution to the total variation, strongly influenced by the traits of pollination date, heading date, flag leaf length and days to maturity. This factor also indicated the negative relationship among the yield components and the importance of relationship between grain yield and some morphological traits. The first factor in 2004 was more affected by grain weight/spike, grains/spike and 1000-grain weight, thus it was named as grain yield factor. The second and third factors in 2003 were considered as plant height and grain yield and in 2004 as maturity and plant height, respectively. The results of path analysis showed that grains/spike had the most direct and positive effects on grain yield in 2003 (1.33) and 2004 (0.87). Because of the negative and high indirect effects of grains/spike via fertile spikes/m2 and 1000-grains weight on grain yield, the correlation coefficient between grain yield and grains/spike was very low. There was not much difference between the phenotypic and genetic direct effects of spike/m2 on grain yield, indicating that their relationship was less affected by environmental conditions. In general, the results showed that grains/spike and spikes/m2 can be more efficient compared to 1000- grains weight for increasing grain yield and can be used as selection indices in breeding programs. Also, according to the results of factor analysis, selection based on the fourth factor including biological yield, spike/m2 and grain yield as selection index can be effective to improve grain yield in breeding programs.}, Keywords = {Wheat, Doubled haploids, Factor analysis, Path Analysis}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {135-143}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-775-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-775-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Tadayon, M.R. and Emam, Y.}, title = {Effect of Supplemental Irrigation and Amount of Available Water on Yield, Yield Components and Physiological Characteristics of Two Rainfed Wheat Cultivars}, abstract ={  Photosynthesis and wheat grain yield responses to supplemental irrigation with different amount of applied water under dryland conditions were investigated. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted research farm of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University during 2004-2005. Five levels of irrigation including dryland conditions, irrigation at stem elongation, booting, flowering and grain filling were main plots and two wheat cultivars: Agosta and Fin-15 were subplots, and three rates of nitrogen including zero, 40 and 80 kgha-1 were sub sub-plots. The results showed that in both years, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO2 concentration and transpiration rate, were significantly higher under irrigation at stem elongation stage compared to other supplemental irrigation treatments. In all of the four supplemental irrigation treatments, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO2 concentration and transpiration rate decreased with decreasing the amount of applied water to each plot. In both years, the highest grain yield was obtained from supplemental irrigation at stem elongation stage, and the lowest yield was harvested at dryland conditions. The highest photosynthetic parameters, yield and yield components were obtained from interaction of supplemental irrigation at stem elongation stage × Fin-15 and 80 kg N ha-1 in both years. The supplemental irrigation in 2004 and 2005 increased the grain yield 200 and 221 percent, respectively, compared to dryland conditions. Thus, supplemental irrigation at sensitive stem elongation stage could affect significantly wheat grain yield of rainfed wheat cultivars and provision of adequate water for a supplemental irrigation at the appropriate growth stage could double the grain yield of rainfed wheat.}, Keywords = {Wheat growing stages, Supplemental irrigation, Dryland farming, Photosynthesis, Grain yield.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {145-156}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-776-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-776-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Farahani, E. and Arzani, A.}, title = {Assessment of Heterosis in Durum Wheat F1 Hybrids under Field Conditions}, abstract ={  An experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis in 12 F1 hybrids of durum wheat using agronomic and morphological traits. Parents were selected according to the estimated genetic distances based on the results of a two-year field experiment, which were then crossed to produce F1 hybrids. Twenty-three genotypes (including 11 parents and 12 hybrids) were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, located at Lavark, Najaf- Abad in 2003. Agronomic characteristics comprised days to 50% flowering, days to 50% pollination, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, grain weight per spike, number of grain per spike, number of spike per m2, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. The results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among parents F1 hybrids and parents vs. crosses for all the studied traits. Substantial differences in the level of heterosis for plant maturity were detected among the hybrids with the highest heterosis belonging to HPI40100×PI40099 and HEupoda6× Chahba88 hybrids. Furthermore, superior hybrids included HAltar84/Ald×Chahba88, HBuchen7×Chahba88 and HEupoda6×Mexi75/Vic possessing the highest heterosis for grain yield and grain yield components among 12 hybrids of the present experiment. Eventually, it is concluded that Eupoda6, Odin12, Altar84/Ald and 45063Karaj genotypes when crossed with Mexi75/Vic genotype as well as Buchen7 and Altar84/Ald genotypes when crossed with Chahba88 genotype produced superior F1 hybrids.}, Keywords = {Durum wheat, Heterosis, Hybrid F1, Grain yield.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {159-170}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-777-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-777-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Zali, H. and Sabaghpour, S.H. and Farshadfar, E. and Pezeshkpour, P. and Safikhani, M. and Sarparast, R. and HashemBeygi, A.}, title = {Stability Analysis of Yield in Chickpea Genotypes by Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI)}, abstract ={  Presence of genotype × environment interaction necessitates evaluation of genotypes in a wide range of environments to find desirable genotypes. This study was carried out to determine the stability and adaptability of grain yield of 17 chickpea genotypes, in RCBD with four replications at Kermanshah, Lorestan, Ilam, Gachsaran and Gorgan Research Stations during two seasons (2003-2004). The genotype × environment interaction effect analyzed using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) statistical model was significant at 1% level of probability. The sum of squares of G × E interaction was partitioned by AMMI model into four significant interaction principal component axes (IPCA). The first four principal component axes (IPCA 1, 2, 3 and 4) cumulatively contributed to 94% of total genotype by environment interaction. A biplot generated using genotypic and environmental scores of the first two AMMI components also showed that genotypes FLIP 97- 79, X95TH1 and FLIP 97- 114 were selected as stable genotypes, among which the genotype FLIP 97- 114 was outstanding for high yield stability.}, Keywords = {Chickpea, Genotype × environment interaction, Stability analysis, The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI model), Biplot.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {173-180}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-778-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-778-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Emrani, S.N. and Rezai, A.M. and Arzani, A.}, title = {Comparison of Selection Indices for Yield and Related Traits of Barley under Nitrogen Stress and Non-Stress Conditions}, abstract ={  The most desirable approach to improve characteristics such as yield with polygenic inheritance and genotype × environment interaction, is simultaneous selection using selection index based on related traits. This study was conducted Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology, to compare selection indices for barley yield improvement under nitrogen stress and non stress conditions, using 49 F13 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Azumamugi and Kanto Nakate Gold. A split plot design with randomized complete block layout in three replications was used. In non-stress condition 100 kg nitrogen per hectare as urea was used at early reproductive growth, stem elongation and grain filling stages. In stress condition, 50 kg nitrogen per hectare was only used at early vegetative growth stage. Smith-Hazel and Pesek-Baker indices based on 4 traits (days to heading, harvest index, growth rate and nitrogen harvest index) and also direct and correlated response of these traits were calculated. The result of response to selection and correlated response indicated that the selection based on higher harvest index and nitrogen harvest index under both conditions screens high yielding lines. Harvest index had high weight in both indices under stress and non stress conditions. Under both conditions and for Smith-Hazel and Pesek-Baker indices, growth rate had negative correlation coefficients. Therefore, the selection based on these indices, separates lines with lower growth rate. In this study, Smith-Hazel index had higher efficiency.}, Keywords = {Direct and indirect selection, Nitrogen stress, Barley, Selection indices}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {183-194}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-779-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-779-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Rastegar, S. and Rahemi, M.}, title = {Evaluation of Concentration and Time of Application of Gibberellic Acid and 2,4-D Isopropyl Ester on Some Fruit Characteristics in Navel Oranges and Clementine Mandarin}, abstract ={  Navel oranges and Clementine mandarin are classified as early cultivars and when fruits are left on the trees, fruit firmness and juice content will decrease. Plant growth regulators have been used to improve fruit quality. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and 2,4-D isopropyl ester sprays were used to increase juice content ,peel firmness and delay senescence in Navel oranges and Clementine mandarin. Factorial experiments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications and each block consisted of three trees. Chemicals were sprayed on the branches (north and south of each tree) with 10 liter sprayer to the point of run-off during fall of 2004 and 2005 ,in a commercial orchard in Jahrom in the south east of Fars province, Iran . In both years of study, GA3 at 100,150 and 200 mgl-l and isopropyl ester 2,4-D at 8,12 and 24 mgl-1 were sprayed on September 30 (diameter of Navel 64 mm and diameter of Clementine 46 mm), October 14 (diameter of Navel 69 mm and diameter of Clementine 48 mm ) and November 7 (diameter of Navel 70 mm and diameter of Clementine 50 mm) and fruits of Navel oranges and Clementine mandarin were harvested 45 and 35 days after last the spray treatment, respectively . The results of experiment revealed that Navel oranges responded better with second application (Oct.14, diameter 69 mm ) and Clementine mandarin with the first application (Sept.30, diameter 46 mm ). Juice content and fruit firmness at harvest increased. GA3 increased juice content even better than 2,4-D isopropyl ester but delayed senescence, 2,4-D was more effective in increasing fruit sizing in both cultivars. GA3 at 150 and 200 mgl-1 and 2,4-D at 24 mgl-1 when compared with the untreated resulted in highest juice content of fruits.}, Keywords = {Navel oranges , Clementine mandarin, Gibberellic acid ,2,4-D isopropyl ester.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {197-206}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-780-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-780-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Amanzadeh, M. and Moumeni, A. and Okhovat, M. and Javan.Nikkhah, M.J. and Khosravi, V.}, title = {Evaluation of Resistance of Rice to Leaf and Panicle Blast in Mazandaran Province}, abstract ={  Blast, caused by Magnaprthe grisea, is often an important fungal disease in the production of rice in temperate and tropical areas including Iran. To determine reaction of rice cultivars against blast disease, 40 rice genotypes from Iran and other sources from Asia were selected. Four blast isolates from different races were used to test all rice genotypes in different greenhouse tests. In blast nursery, experiments were conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In different experiments inoculated plant materials were evaluated for Infected Neck Number(INN), Neck Lesion Size(NLS), Infection Type(IT), Diseased Leaf Area(DLA), Area Under the Disease Progress Curve(AUDPC), Lesion Number(LN), and Sporulating Region Diameter(SRD). Most of the Iranian traditional cultivars together with CO-39 and C104-PKT showed susceptible reaction for AUDPC, IT, INN and NLS. Performance of improved cultivars from Iran, IRRI and NILs (except C104-PKT) was resistant. Some cultivars including Fujiminori, Onda , Hassan saraii were moderatly susceptible to leaf blast in blast nursery. All components of resistance in both growing stages in greenhouse and nursery tests were significantly correlated. In some cases such as cultivar Haraz different reaction was observed in seedling and flowering stages, indicating that genetics of resistance in two stages could be different.}, Keywords = {Blast disease, Magnaprthe grisea, Area under the disaese progress curve, Rice, Mazandaran.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {209-219}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-781-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-781-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {MahdaviArab, N. and Ebadi, R. and Hatami, B. and TalebiJahromi, K.H.}, title = {Insecticidal Effects of Some Plant Extracts on Callosobruchus maculatus F. under Laboratory Condition and Laphigma exigua H. in Greenhouse}, abstract ={  In order to evaluate insecticidal potential of some botanical extracts, a factorial experiment of complete randomized design with three replications on Callosobruchus maculatus was adopted for a pilot experiment in the laboratory. Plant extracts were prepared from 22 plants with three solvents (Methanol, Acetone and N-Hexane) with 30% concentration. Experiments were carried out at 25˚C and 70 ± 5% RH under 16: 8 (D: L) conditions. Each unit of experiment was a petri dish covered with a filter paper and 1.5 ml of each treatment solution was poured in it and 25 insects were released. Mortality was recorded after 36 hours. In this experiment, each plant extract with more than 50% mortality on C. maculaus was selected for further laboratory screening. In this stage of experiment methanolic leaf extract of Teucrium polium (with 55.04 percent mortality), hexane extract of Sonchus oleraceus (with 54.64 percent mortality), acetonic leaf extract of Calotropis procera (with 53.6 percent mortality), methanolic extract of Fumaria parviflora (with 52.7 percent mortality), methanolic extract of Capsicum annuum (with 50.04 percent mortality), and acetonic extract of Thymus vulgaris (with 50 percent mortality) were selected. After carring out the pilot experiment, the effective extracts with five concentrations of 15, 22.4, 33.5, 50.2 and 75% and one control were evaluated on the C. maculaus. This experiment also was designed in the laboratory as a factorial experiment of complete randomized design with three replications and mortality was recorded after 36 hours. In the highest concentration (75%), extract of Fumaria parviflora and extract of Thymus vulgaris (with 88.3% mortality) and extract of Sonchus oleraceus (with 78.3%) had higher and lower percentage of mortality resectively. The LC50 values of effective extracts were calculated for C. maculaus after 36 hours of treatment with plant extracts. The results showed that C. maculatus with LC50 = 126.27 µl/ml has highest sensitivity against extract of Fumaria parviflora and has lower sensitivity against extract of Sonchus oleraceus with LC50 = 370.09 µl/ml in comparison to other extracts. Amongst the tested concentrations of plant extracts, 5 plant extracts with the concentrations that had the higher mortality on C. maculaus, were selected for experiment on Laphigma exigua in greenhouse. This experiment was carried out with complete randomized design with four replications. The acetonic leaf extract of Calotropis procera (with 57.5 %) caused the highest mortality and acetonic extract of Thymus vulgaris (with 27.5 %) caused the lowest mortality on L. exigua in comparison to other extracts.}, Keywords = {Callosobruchus maculatus , Botanical insecticide, Plant extracts, Laphigma exigua , LC50.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {234-221}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-782-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-782-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Shadmehr, A. and Norouzi, P. and Garosi, G.H. and Yavari, N.}, title = {Optimization of Sterilizing Method of Larvae and Cyst of Heterodera Schachtii and the Possibility of their Application in Sugar Beet Seedlings in In vitro Condition}, abstract ={  In this research, after optimization of sterilizing cyst and larvae of second stage of Heterodera schachtii, the possibility of using nematode on seedlings of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in in vitro condition was studied for developing larvae to cyst. For this purpose, non sterile cysts were extracted from infected soil and hatched into zinc chloride solution with concentration of 0.5gl-1. Then, for preparation of sterile second stage larvae, several sterilizing treatments were used . Mean comparisons were performed between sterilized live larvae number by Duncan's method. Results showed that 70% ethanol for 1 minute followed by 5% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes were the best treatments for disinfecting cysts and larvae, respectively. In the next step, two nematode susceptible sugar beet varieties were applied to produce cyst from the larvae in in vitro culture. PGoB medium containing different hormonal compositions was used to produce hairy roots and inoculation of seedling with sterilized larvae. After nematode inoculation tests, were the stained cysts were observed under stereomicroscope and counted 40 days later. Five to twelve cysts were formed on the roots of each seedling from two varieties. As a result, it seems that this technique can be used for sugar beet germplasm evaluation to screen nematode resistant genotypes in in vitro controlled condition.}, Keywords = {Cyst nematode, Inoculation, Sugar beet, In vitro culture, Hairy roots.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {237-247}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-783-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-783-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ghorbali, R. and Seyedoleslami, H. and Rezwani, A. and Khajehali1, J.}, title = {Seasonal Population Fluctuation of Brachycaudus amygdalinus (Schout.) and Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanch.) on Almond Trees in Najafabad Region}, abstract ={  Aphids are known as important pests of plants specially almond trees. Seasonal population fluctuation of two aphid species, Brachycaudus amygdalinus (Schout.) and Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanch.) were studied in 1999-2000 on almond trees in Najafabad area. Characteristics such as times of egg hatch, appearance, outbreak, spring migration to alternative hosts, migration from alternative hosts in fall, oviposition, number of eggs laid, damage degree, alternative, other primary hosts and some natural enemies were investigated. In early spring damage signs of B. amygdalinus were expressed on almond twigs as serious leaf curling followed by retarded growth of twigs and shortened internodes. Shortly after that H. amygdali colonized other leaves. For both species egg hatching was coincided in late winter however colonization and population increase of H. amygdalei were observed two weeks later than what was observed for B. amygdalinus. With the onset of warm season, both species moved from almonds to alternative hosts for aestivation. Gynoparae shortly followed by males appeared on alternative hosts in late summer and migrated to almonds. Oviparae produced by gynoparae mated with males and laid their eggs near the buds.}, Keywords = {Seasonal population fluctuation , Brachycaudus amygdalinus , Hyalopterus amygdali .}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {259-249}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-784-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-784-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sarani, SH.A. and SharifiTehrani, A. and Ahmadzadeh, M. and JavanNikkhah, M.}, title = {Application of Fluorescent Pseudomonads in Biological Control of Rhizoctonia solani , Causal Agent of Colza}, abstract ={  Two hundred fifty seven bacterial isolates were collected from colza root and rhizosphere in Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan and Tehran provinces. Antagonistic effect of bacterial isolates on Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of colza damping off, was studied using dual culture method. The results showed that, 60 isolates had the ability to inhibit the growth of R. solani on PDA medium. On the basis of the biochemical, physiological and morphological tests, isolates P1, P2 and P3 were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biocontrol mechanism studies showed that isolates produced antibiotics and volatile metabolites prevented the mycelial growth of the fungus. The isolates produced some of antimicrobial metabolites including hydrogen cyanide, protease and siderophore. Isolate P3 was more effective to inhibit the growth of the fungus in-vitro. The effect of isolates on disease reduction in comparison with control was significantly different. None of the isolates were able to prevent disease occurrence completely. Isolates applied as soil treatment had a significantly higher disease control as compared to seed treatment method. Isolate P3 had considerable effect on reduction disease in the greenhouse conditions. All isolates were capable of colonizing canola roots and so increased canola growth in free-causal agent conditions.}, Keywords = {Colza, Biological control, Fluorescent pseudomonads, Rhizoctonia solani, Antimicrobial metabolites.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {261-270}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-785-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-785-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Lori, Z. and Hosseini-Pour, A. and Massumi, H. and Rahimian, H.}, title = {Detection of Spiroplasma citri , the Causal Agent of Citrus Stubborn Disease in the Field Collected Leafhoppers in Southern Kerman Province}, abstract ={  Citrus stubborn disease is caused by the helical mollicute Spiroplasma citri. The pathogen is naturally transmitted by sap feeding leafhopper vectors. In the present study attempts were made to detect S. citri in presumptive vectors. Leafhoppers were collected from various wild and cultivated plants in citrus growing areas in Jirfot. Fifteen leafhopper species were identified and 12 species were analyzed for the possibility of carrying S. citri with an antiserum prepared against a citrus strain of S. citri by indirect ELISA. S. citri was detected in leafhopper species by ELISA in Austroagallia sinuata, Psammotettix alienus, Circulifer haematoceps, Orosius albicinctus and Psamotettix striatus. However, S. citri was isolated only from the last three leafhopper species in LD10 medium. These leafhoppers were primarily captured from sesame fields. Therefore, these potential vectors and sesame farms may play a key role in the epidemiology of S. citri in the surveyed area.}, Keywords = {Stubborn, Leafhopper, Jiroft, Spiroplasma citri, Circulifer haematoceps.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {273-281}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-786-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-786-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, A. and Amini, A.M.}, title = {Factors Affecting Requests for Land Consolidation Projects in the Opinions of Experts in Kermanshah and Lenjanat Region in Isfahan}, abstract ={  The purpose of this research was to study factors on farmer’s request to land consolidation projects and also consolidation’ adventages in utilization units. The data of this study was collected through completing questionnaires and interviewing 34 experts connected with administrating of land consolidation projects in agricultural offices and service centers in Kermanshah township and Lenjanat region in Isfahan. Data was also collected through visiting some performed and performing projects. The results showed that in Kermanshah land consolidation improves the technology, farm management and land more than other production factors. In Lenjanat it improves technology and farm management in comparison with other factors. In both regions the aplicant villages of the projects have a larger ownership and more fragmentaed parcels than other villages. Moreover they have younger exploiters, more educated and less in number. It is also notworthy that these regions obtain more extention education, are nearer to agricultural offices, and have closer relation with extention agents.}, Keywords = {Land fragmentation, Land Consolidation, Requesting projects, Kermanshah, Lenjanat region in Isfahan.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {283-296}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-787-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-787-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Shahroudi, A.A. and Chizari, M.}, title = {Factors Influencing Farmers’ Attitudes Toward Participation in Water Users’ Associations (A Case Study in Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, Iran)}, abstract ={  The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the factors affecting farmers’ attitudinal dimensions toward participation in Water Users’ Association (WUA) by comparing two groups of farmers in irrigation networks with WUA and without it. The methodological approach was a descriptive-correlational and causal-comparative study of the survey type. The target population in the study consisted of 2551 farmers of irrigation networks in Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, Iran. Using stratified random sampling technique, 335 participants were chosen. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS, V.13. Content and face validity of the instrument were obtained by the faculty members of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agronomy and Irrigation Departments at Tarbiat Modarres University and also specialists board of Agricultural Jihad Organization and Regional Water Joint-stock Company in Khorasan-e-Razavi Province. The reliability analysis was conducted and cronbach’s alpha values for the various sections of instrument were estimated between 0.73 and 0.86. The descriptive findings of the study showed that the majority of farmers’ overall attitude with respect to participation in WUA was at a good level. The results obtained from Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there are significant and positive relationships between such variables as education level, size of irrigated cultivated landholding, annual income, extension contacts, social capital components, water users’ perceptions regarding irrigation networks status and farmers’ participation status concerning irrigation networks management with the farmers’ overall attitude toward participation in WUA. The result of stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicated that 61.1% (R2 = 0.611) of the variance in farmers’ attitudes with respect to participation in WUA could be explained by farmers’ behaviour regarding optimum farm water management, social participation, social confidence, water users’ perceptions regarding irrigation networks status, farmers’ participation status concerning irrigation networks management. Also, significant differences were found between the two respondent groups in irrigation networks with WUA and without it in relation to farmers’ attitudinal dimensions.}, Keywords = {Water users’ association, Farmer, Attitude, Irrigation water management, Participation, Agricultural extension.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {299-312}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-788-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-788-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Vafakhah, M. and Shojaei, G.h.}, title = {Determination of the Most Suitable Stage-Discharge Relation at the Hydrometric Station of the Zayandehrud Regulatory Dam}, abstract ={  Continuous measurement of river discharge is a hard and expensive task in hydrology. To overcome this problem, the stage readings at hydrometric gauges are permanently taken and the discharge of any time at which the actual discharge is unavailable will be estimated through a relationship between discharge and stage. To study the stage-discharge relations and the capability of long-term data in establishing a permanent stage-discharge relationship, and also to determine the best time to measure the discharge of rivers, a study was conducted at the hydrometric station of the Zayandehrud regulatory dam using data from 1990 to 2003. The data were analyzed using simple regression analysis, the percentage of relative error and factor analysis. The results indicated that the best model to show the stage-discharge relation at the studied station is a power function model. Moreover, the model used for every year can only be used for that year. The results also showed that the most suitable times for the measurement of discharge are July, December and March.}, Keywords = {Stage-discharge relation, Hydrometric station, Power model, Factor analysis, Zayandehrud watershed.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {315-322}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-789-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-789-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Morid, S. and Paymozd, S.h.}, title = {Comparison of Hydrological and Meteorological Methods for Daily Drought Monitoring: A Case Study, the 1998-2000 Drought Spell of Tehran , Iran}, abstract ={  Application of meteorological indicators has extensive use in drought monitoring. However, hydrological indicators can also play an effective role in this task. In this research, one of the rare approaches in drought monitoring with hydrological indicators namely Chang method has been applied and assessed for the Tehran basin using daily time step. The results have been compared with the unique meteorological drought index, EDI (effective drought index) and show the capabilities of the hydrological method and its more sensivity to water resources deficit. For instance, application of these procedures for the 1998 to 2000 drought spell in Tehran province revealed that Change method declares 31.1 % of times in very severe drought whereas it is 3.7 in EDI. Because of applying different indicators (e.g. reservoir and ground storage), a combination of both procedures is an ideal approach for drought monitoring in which the water inputs to the system as well as storage and consumptions are considered. The applied methodology makes it Possible to distinguish droughts due to rainfall deficit from the ones, which are resulted from water resources miss management.}, Keywords = {Hydrological drought montoring, Meteorological drought index, Truncation level, Tehran province, Chang method, Effective drought index.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {325-333}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-790-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-790-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Moradi, H.R. and Vafakhah, M. and AkbariBaviel, A.}, title = {Comparison of Flood Routing by Muskingum and Muskingum-Cunge Methods in Section of Lighvan River}, abstract ={  Discharge routing as a mathematic process to forecast the changes of greatness, speed and form of flood wave is function of time in one or more points along drainage, canal or reservoir. Hydrologic and hydraulic methods are used to accomplish the flood routing. Although hydrologic method is less accurate than hydraulic methods but it is simpler to use in flood control and designing works with acceptable confidence. This study has been conducted for flood routing in Lighvan River from Lighvam hydrometric station to Hervy hydrometric station in eastern Azerbaijan Province in a distance the 12 Km. The discharge for different return periods (2, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years) was calculated by using upstream stations data. Then routing of every flood discharge was studied with different return periods by Muskingum and Muskingum-Cunge methods. Results showed significant difference between calculated discharges routing by two methods with discharge values to relate that return period in Hervy hydrometric station. The reasons of exist this different, is numerous for example mountain location this area and to exist sub drainage in between two stations and etc.}, Keywords = {Flood routing, Muskingum, Muskingum-Cunge, Lighvan, Hervy.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {335-342}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-791-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-791-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Hashemi, S.A.A. and ArabKhedri, M.}, title = {Evaluation of EPM Model by Sediment Measurement in Reservoirs of Small Dams}, abstract ={  In order to quantitatively evaluate the sediment yield in ungauged basins, it is necessary to use empirical models. The EPM model, as a model which is using in Iran, has sometimes been evaluated. Most evaluations have often been conducted by using river's sediment information and direct measurements of dam reservoir sedimentation have been less used, while the sediment measurement method on reservoir is more carefully. 9 small watersheds from Semnan province (Iran) were selected in this research. There is a small earth dam which have been built on the outlet of each watershed in the past years that them age is 10 years. These dams have not been weirs since they have been building to now. Therefore total of sediment yield volumes of each watershed are entrapped in the dam reservoirs. The volume of sediments deposited in reservoir were calculated by surveying. Sediment's apparent specific weights were measured in each reservoir and the volume of sediments transformed into sediments weight. By EPM model the volume and weight of sediment yield were estimated. Values of sediment yield measured in reservoirs were compared with estimated values by t-test. The results showed that at level 5%, there was not any significant difference between sediment yield values estimated in reservoirs by EPM model in comparison with values of volume and weight which were measured. But determination of performance and relative root mean square error showed that EPM model has low efficiency for estimation of sediment yield in the case study of watersheds.}, Keywords = {Watersheds, Sediment yield, Semnan province, Sedimentation, EPM model.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {345-355}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-792-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-792-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {RahimiKhoob, A. and Behbahani, S.M.R and Nazarifar, M.H.}, title = {Estimating Maximum Air Temperature in Khoozestan Province Using NOAA Satellite Images Data and Artificial Neural Network}, abstract ={  Air temperature prediction models using satellite data are based on two variables of land surface temperature and vegetation cover index. These variables are obtained by atmospheric corrections in the values for the above data. Water vapor, ozone, and atmospheric aerosol optical depth are required for the atmospheric correction of visible bands. However, no measurements are available for these parameters in most locations of Iran. Using the common methods, land surface temperature can be measured accurately at 2 ° C. Given these limitations, efforts are made in this study to evaluate the accuracy of predicting maximum air temperature when uncorrected atmospheric data from the NOAA Satellite are used by a neural network. For this purpose, various neural network models were constructed from different combinations of data from 4 bands of NOAA satellite and 3 different geographical variables as inputs to the model in order to select the best model. The results showed that the best neural network was the one consisting of 6 neurons as the input layer (including 4 bands of NOAA satellite, day of the year, and altitude) and 19 neurons in the hidden layer. In this structure, about 91.4% of the results were found to be accurate at 3 ° C and the statistical criteria of R2, RMSE, and MBE were found to be 0.62, 1.7 ° C, and -0.01 ° C, respectively.}, Keywords = {Air temperature, NOAA satellite, Neural network, Land surface temperature, Vegatation index.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {357-364}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-793-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-793-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Lotfi, Y. and Nourbakhsh, F. and Afyuni, M.}, title = {Nitrogen Mineralization Potential in a Calcareous Soil Treated with Two Organic Fertilizer}, abstract ={  Organic fertilization has been practiced in Iran due to the shortage of soil organic matter. In recent years, attention has been payed to the organic fertilizers because their commercial production has recently started and demands for their application have increased. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer type, rates and times of application on the N mineralization potential (NMP) in a calcareous soil (fine loamy, mixed, thermic, Typic Haplargid) in Isfahan region. The soil samples were collected from a previousely established field experiment. The experiment design was split plot with three replications. Each main plot was split into subplots receiving 1, 2 and 3 annual consecutive applications of cow manure and sewage sludge at the rates of 0, 25 and 100 Mg ha-1. The soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm depth, 6 months after the third application of the organic fertilizers. Nitrogen mineralization potential was measured by a long-term leaching-incubation procedure. Results indicated that NMP was similarly affected by cow manure and sewage sludge. Nitrogen mineralization potential in the treatments which received 100 Mg ha-1 organic fertilizers, was 4 and 1.7 times greater than that of control and 25 Mg ha-1 treatments, respectively. A significant increase was also observed in NMP in the treatments which received different times of application. The NMP in the three-year applied treatments was 5, 2.5 and 2.1 times greater than that of control, two- and one-year applied soils. Significant correlations were observed between NMP and corn yield (r=0.531**) and corn N uptake (r=0.568***). The product of NMP and N mineralization rate constant was also significantly correlated with corn yield (r=0.710***) and corn N uptake (r=0.734***). Different patterns were observed between the responses of total N and NMP in the treated soils.}, Keywords = {N mineralization potential, Sewage sludge, Cow manure, First-order kinetics, Rate constant, Incubation.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {367-377}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-794-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-794-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Jalalian, A. and AmirpourRobat, M. and Ghorbani, B. and Ayoubi, S.h.}, title = {Simulation of Runoff, Sediment and Soil Erosion by EUROSEM Model in Sulijan Sub- basin, North Karun Watershed}, abstract ={  Soil erosion is one of the most threatening issues for crop production and environmental qualities, especially for soil and water resources. Appropriate knowledge about total soil loss and runoff is valuable in order to perform soil and water conservation practices in watersheds. EUROSEM, "a single event, dynamic and distributed model," was developed to simulate soil loss, sediment transportation and deposition by rill and interrill processes. This study was conducted to evaluate EUROSEM model in order to simulate soil loss and runoff in Sulijan sub-basin, which covered 20 ha, from Charmah-Bakhtari province. The sub-basin was divided in to 19 homogeneous elements using topographic, land use, plant cover, slope and channel properties throughout it. Soil, plant cover, land surface and climate characteristics were measured and evaluated by field observations and laboratory measurements. Actual soil loss and runoff for studied events were determined by direct measurement in the field. After sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation steps were carried out to simulate runoff and soil loss. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the EUROSEM model for predicting runoff was more sensitive to hydraulic conductivity, capillary drive and initial soil moisture. On the other hand the model for predicting soil loss was more sensitive to Manning's coefficient and soil cohesion. The results showed that the EUROSEM model was able to simulate well the total runoff, peak of runoff discharge, total soil loss and time for the peak of soil loss discharge. But that could not simulate well the peak of soil loss discharge and time for the peak of runoff. Although it seems that EUROSEM is able to predict soil loss and runoff partially well in individual events, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency of the models for different basins with varieties of soil, plant cover and climatic properties.}, Keywords = {Soil erosion, EUROSEM model, Soil loss and runoff simulation, Sulenjan.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {379-391}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-795-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-795-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Jalalian, A. and Rostaminia, M. and Ayoubi, S.h. and Amini, A.M.}, title = {Qualitative, Quantitative and Economic Land Suitability Evaluation for Wheat, Maize and Sesame Production in Mehran Plain, Ilam Province}, abstract ={  Extension of cultivation areas becomes gradually impossible due to ever-increasing population growth and urban area development in Iran. Therefore, it is very important to use the existing cultivated lands more efficiently. Land suitability evaluation makes the sustainable use of the lands feasible. The objective of this study was qualitative, quantitative and economic suitability evaluation of irrigated croplands for wheat, maize and sesame in Mehran plain, Ilam Province. Soil survey in the field, laboratory analysis of the soil samples, qualitative, quantitative and economic evaluation were different successive stages of this research. In qualitative evaluation, climatic, topographic and soil suitability classes were determined according to the degree of the matching with plant requirements, by parametric (square root) method. Quantitative and economic evaluations were done based on observed, potential and marginal yield analysis. Results of the qualitative land evaluation showed that most of the land units were classified moderately suitable for given crops because of soil limitations. Qualitatively, most of the land units were classified in the same classes as, or in lower classes than quantitative suitability classes for wheat and maize production, due to high management level at the farms. Whereas quantitative classes of sesame were determined lower than qualitative classes induced by low management level for this crop. Economic land suitability classification showed that the wheat production was the most economic land utilization type. Results of the economic assessment suggested that the cultivation of wheat in rotation with sesame would produce the most income for different units and could be increased in future using improvement in management level in the study area for sesame cultivation.}, Keywords = {Land suitability evaluation, Qualitative, Quantitative, Economic, Wheat, Corn, Sesame.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {393-403}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-796-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-796-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {SoodaeeMashaee, S. and Aliasgharzade, N. and Ostan, S.h.}, title = {Kinetics of Nitrogen Mineralization in Soils Amended with Compost, Vermicompost and Cattle Manure}, abstract ={  Understanding nitrogen mineralization from different organic sources should be a key factor in developing efficient prediction of the need for nitrogen fertilization with minimal negative environmental impact. In order to investigate nitrogen mineralization rate in soils amended with compost, vermicompost and cattle manure, an experiment was done as factorial in a randomized complete block design in three replications. Four treatments (compost, vermicompost, cattle manure and soil alone), two temperature levels (8 and 25 0C) and two moisture levels (50% and 85% FC) were used for the 90 - day incubation study. Ammonium and nitrate were measured by spectrophotometer method. Results indicated that the mixed first-and zero-order kinetics model is the best model for our data. Cattle manure treatment had the highest Nmin at 25 0C (87.78 mgN/kg equal to 14.54% Ntotal) and the least value (23.62 mgN/kg equal to 4.62% Ntotal) was obtained for the compost treatment at 8 0C. N0k (nitrogen availability index) for treatments was in the following order: Cattle manure>Vermicompost >Compost. With increasing the temperature and moisture, N mineralization increased. Also Nmin positively correlated with N0 (r =0.583*), and N0k (r =0.834**).}, Keywords = {Nitrogen mineralization, Kinetic models, Compost, Vermicompost, Cattle manure}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {405-414}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-797-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-797-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Khodaverdiloo, H. and Homaee, M.}, title = {Modeling Phytoremediation of Soils Polluted with Cadmium and Lead}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Soil pollution, Phytoremediation, Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Modeling.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {417-426}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-798-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-798-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Yoosefi, M. and Shariatmadari, H. and Hajabbasi, M.A.}, title = {Determination of Some of Labile C Pools as Soil Quality Index}, abstract ={  Adopting proper agricultural management and conserving soil organic matter are important components of sustainable agriculture. Soil organic matter content is a key attribute in soil quality. Labile organic matter pools can be considered as suitable indicators of soil quality that are very sensitive to changes in soil management practices. This research was carried out to investigate some organic carbon labile pools as an indicator evaluating the effects of different managements on some quality parameters of two calcareous soils. The study was conducted in 2 locations: 1- plots that receiving 0 (C1), 25 (C2), 50 (C3) and 100 (C4) Mg/ha of manure for five years successively with a cropping rotation of wheat –corn every year and plots under three cropping rotations (C5, C6 and C7) at Lavark experimental farm and 2- inquiry research station of Fozveh at different plots with three different cropping rotations (C8, C9 and C10) with a given cropping history recorded for the last 5 years. Soil samples were taken from the center of each plot and the depths of 0-5 cm and 5-15 cm. Their organic carbon, hot water soluble carbohydrate, particulate organic matter (POM), organic carbon and hot water soluble carbohydrate of POM, mean weight diameter of water stable aggregates were determined. Different managements consisting of different levels of manure and types of cropping rotation had significant effects on the soil characteristics measured. The greateast amount of carbohydrate and aggregate stability was obtained in the plots of 100 Mg/ha of manure in Lavak and in alfalfa plots in Fozveh station. Also, the results showed that aggregate stability has a better correlation with hot water soluble carbohydrate in comparison with other soil organic pools. Therefore, the carbohydrate extracted by hot water may be used as an index to assess the impacts of different agricultural management systems on soil quality.}, Keywords = {Labile C pools, Soil organic matter, Aggregate stability, Soil management, Soil quality.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {429-439}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-799-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-799-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Karimi, E. and Lakzian, A. and Khavazi, K. and Asgharzadeh, A. and Haghnia, G.H.}, title = {Study of Genetic Diversity of Sinorhizobium Bacteria Using PCR / RFLP 16S-23S rDNA Technique}, abstract ={  It is important to investigate the genetic diversity and evaluate symbiotic effectiveness of the indigenous rhizobial population. It helps understand the responses of indigenous isolates to different rhizobial inoculants. In spite of the importance of bacterial diversity, there are a few scientific reports about it in Iranian soils. Genetic diversity of 150 isolates of Sinorhizobium isolated from Hamadan soils was studied by using PCR / RFLP 16S-23S rDNA technique. The results showed that all isolates clustered in three different groups. Group (I) formed 122 isolates and they were quite similar to Sinorhizobium meliloti from viewpoint of genetic characteristics. Twenty five isolates were clustered in Group (II) and they belonged to Sinorhizobium medicae. Group (III) had two isolates and they were new species and quite different from the other groups. Shannon diversity index was different within eleven different land units (Medium gradient mountains, Level lands, Plateau, Foot slopes, Depressions and Composite land) and there was a correlation between Shannon index and some soil properties. Difference in Similarity index showed that Sinorhizobium groups in each land unit were different.}, Keywords = {Shannon diversity index, Similarity index, Land unit.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {441-449}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-800-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-800-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Bayat, H. and Mahbobi, A.A. and Hajabbasi, M.A. and Mosaddeghi, M.R.}, title = {Tillage and Tractor Effects on Bulk Density, Cone Index and Structural Stability of a Sandy Loam Soil}, abstract ={  Tillage is one of the important managing factors that can destroy or improve soil structure. Soil structure is affected by the machines and shape of the wheels. Field experiments were conducted at Hamadan Agricultural Research Station on a coarse loamy mixed mesic Calcixerolic Xerocrepts soil to measure and evaluate the effects of tillage and wheel-induced compaction on selected soil physical properties. Treatments included tillage methods (Moldboard Plow and Chisel Plow, (MP, CP)) performed using three customary tractors in Iran [John Deer (J), Romany (R) and Massey Ferguson ( MF) ]. Traffic zone and non traffic zone were other treatments. A split-plot design with three replications was used in a completely randomized arrangement of treatments. Soil samples were taken at the end of wheat growth season in traffic and non- traffic zone and from four layers and compared for bulk density (BD), cone index (CI), and mean weight diameter (MWD). The influence of both tillage methods on BD in most soil depths was not significant, meanwhile, BD was higher in the deeper layers. Wheel traffic did not affect BD significantly, but its effect decreased by increasing the depth. Commonly, conservation tillage increased structural stability as evaluated by MWD. Cone index illustrated the same trend as for BD, with some variation because of it higher sensitivity, so it was significantly was increased in CP rather than in MP for the traffic zone. Such a difference was not observed in non-traffic zone. The CI was also significantly increased in traffic zone compared with non-traffic zone. J significantly increased CI in two first layer in comparing with MF, but there was not significant difference between J and R. The MWD was increased by chisel plow in non-traffic zone and this increment was significant in fourth soil layer (22.5- 30 cm). Wheel traffic caused the increase of MWD in the second layer and significant difference was not observed in other layers. Overall, R caused less destruction in soil structure and tillage methods changed some of soil physical properties.}, Keywords = {Tillage, Traffic, Bulk density, Cone index, Mean weight diameter.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {451-461}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-801-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-801-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Dehghan, R. and Shariatmadari, H. and Khademi, H.}, title = {Soil Phosphorus Forms in Four Toposequences of Isfahan and Shahrekord Regions}, abstract ={  Studying soil phosphorus fractions is useful in understanding soil pedogenesis as well as soil fertility. In this reseach, 20 soil samples were taken from different depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm of upper-slope, mid-slope and lower-slope positions of four toposequences in arid (Jei and Ziar in Isfahan) and semiarid (Farokhshahr and Shahrekord) regions. In each toposequence, the soil depth was relatively low at the upper-slope position and increased toward the lower-slope. The soils in upper-slope and mid-slope were under scarce native vegetation where the soil in lower-slope was under farming activities. Soil phosphorus (P) fractionation was carried out using sequential extraction. The total soil phosphorus was in the range of 302-1135 with an average of 715 mg/kg. About 65-89% of total phosphorus were inorganic, and 11-35% organic. The amount of inorganic and organic P in the soil samples was in the range of 204-897 with an average of 571, and 70-238 with an average of 114 mg/kg, respectively. The amount of total, inorganic and organic P increased from upper-slope toward the arable lands and decreased from topsoil to subsoil in all toposequences. In the studied soils, apatite ( Ca10-P ), aluminum phosphates(Al-P), octacalcium phosphates( Ca8-P ), iron phosphates (Fe-P), iron oxides occluded phosphates( OC-P ) and dicalcium phosphates( Ca2-P ) were the major constituents of the soil inorganic phosphates, respectively.}, Keywords = {Phosphorus fractions, Toposequence, Calcareous soils, Isfahan, Shahrekord.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {463-472}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-802-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-802-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Tahmaseby, F. and Hosseinpur, A.R.}, title = {Kinetics of Changes in Extractable Phosphorus in Some Soils of Hamadan}, abstract ={  Soil properties play a significant role in phosphorus (P) sorption. Information about P sorption is limited in Hamadan soils. The objectives of this research were to study the P sorption in twelve soils of Hamadan, assess the capability of different kinetics equations describing P sorption and correlate the P sorption characteristics with the soil properties. The soils were fertilized with 200 mg P kg-1 as KH2PO4. Fertilized soil was incubated at 25±1 ˚C for 2520 h. The incubated samples at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 240, 336, 504, 672, 840, 1008, 1176, 1344, 1512, 1680, 1848, 2016, 2186, 2352, 2520 hours after P addition were extracted by two extractants. The soil phosphorous was extracted by 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (Olsen solution) or by AB-DTPA. Zero order, first order, simplified Elovich equation, parabolic diffusion law and power function equations were fitted on the experimental data. The results showed that P sorption was initially rapid followed by a slow phase. The amounts of P sorption after 2520 h, ranged from 162.7 to 253.84 and 193.37 to 235.11 mg kg-1 for the Olsen and AB-DTPA methods, respectively. Regarding to higher determination coefficient and lower standard error, Elovich and power function equations were suitable to describe P sorption kinetics. Rate constants of the Elovich and power function equations ranged from 0.036 to 0.49 and 0.157 to 0.304 mg kg-1h-1 for Olsen and from 0.074 to 0.76 and 0.184 to 0.382 mg kg-1h-1 for AB-DTPA. The trend of the data implied a discontinuity in slope at 336 h, as two region models might better satisfy the trend of the data in to two range ( 0 to 336 and 336 to 2500 hr). At the first section, the P sorption could be describe by simplified Elovich, power function and parabolic diffusion law kinetics equations. Rate constants in these equations varied among the soils. At the second section, kinetics equations could not describe the P sorption. The results of this study indicated that P sorption rates varied among the soils and Fe , Al and CaCo3 affected on P sorption kinetics.}, Keywords = {kinetics, Sorption P, Sodium bicarbonate, AB-DTPA.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {475-488}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-803-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-803-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Biabanaki, F.S. and Hosseinpur, A.R.}, title = {Phosphorus Release Kinetics and the Correlation Between Kinetics Models Constants and Soil Properties and Plant Indices in some Hamadan Soils}, abstract ={  Phosphorus (P) after nitrogen limits agricultural production in most region of the world. Information about P release rate is limited in Hamadan soils. The objective of this research was to study P release in 10 soils from Hamadan province by successive extraction with 0.5 M NaHCO over a period of 1752 h and the correlation of P release characteristics with soil properties and corn plant (Zea mays) indices. The results showed that soil P release began with a fast initial reaction, followed by a slow secondary reaction until 1752 h. The amounts of soil P released after 1752 h ranged from 309 to 586 mg kg-1. The cumulative P release was evaluated by six kinetics equations. Statistical analysis showed that phosphorus release kinetics were described by parabolic diffusion law, first order and power function equations. The correlation study indicated that soil P release coefficients such as rate constant of first order, parabolic diffusion law, power function equations, P released after 168 and 1752 h were significantly correlated with some soil properties such as Olsen-P, calcium carbonate equivalent, sand and silt. The correlation studies between plant indices and constants of kinetics equation showed that rate constant of first order equation was not significantly correlated with plant indices. Equation constants of parabolic diffusion law, power function and P release after 1752 h were significantly correlated with plant indices. The results of this research indicated that release rate of P is different in soils and is an important factor in supplying available P to plants.}, Keywords = {Phosphorus, Release, Kinetics equations, Corn, Hamadan.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {491-503}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-804-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-804-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Melali, A. R. and Shariatmadari, H.}, title = {Application of Steel Making Slag and Converter Sludge in Farm Manure Enrichment for Corn Nutrition in Greenhouse Conditions}, abstract ={  Application of slag and converter sludge, major by-products of Esfahan Zob Ahan factory, to enrich two organic amendments for corn nutrition, was investigated. Farm manure and its vermicompost mixed with different rates of slag and sludge were incubated in 3 Kg pots at field capacity moisture and home temperature for three months. The applied rates of slag and sludge were 0, 5 and 10 percent (w/w) of pure iron from these compounds to the organic amendments. Iron sulfate with the above ratios was also examined for comparison. Sub-samples of the incubated materials were taken after 0, 10, 25, 45, 65 and 90 days of incubation and examined for DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. After the incubation, the enriched amendments were applied to a soil sample to grow corn. Three Kg soil samples, taken from Chah Anari experimental farm, Esfahan University of Technology, were mixed with 17 gr of the amendments (50 ton/ha) placed in 3 Kg pots. In each pot two corn seeds (single cross 704) were planted and after 70 days crop yield and concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in the plant tissues were determined. Results showed that the use of iron sulfate strongly increased DTPA extractable Fe and Mn of the amendments. In enrichment by converter sludge, the best result was obtained in the mixture of 10 percent pure iron with the vermicompost on 60 days of incubation. Treatment of 5 percent pure iron from slag mixed with the manure increased DTPA extractable Fe and Mn with the time, but the 10 percent treatment was not much effective in this regard. The highest rates of iron uptake by the plants occurred in the iron sulfate and 10 percent converter sludge treatments, respectively however, the highest rate of the plant Mn uptake was observed in 5 percent iron from converter sludge mixed with vermicompost. In general, 10 percent pure iron from converter sludge was the most effective enrichment treatment, increasing the plant uptake of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu micronutrients.}, Keywords = {slag, converter sludge, manure, enrichment, DTPA extractable Fe, corn.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {505-513}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-805-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-805-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Taebi, A. and Jeirani, K. and Mirlohi, A. and ZadehBafghi, A.R.}, title = {Phytoremediation of Cyanide-Polluted Soils by Non-woody Plants}, abstract ={  Some industrial processes, such as plating and gold mining, utilize cyanide, which entering in their effluents. Because cyanide compounds are toxic contaminants, the waste-containing cyanide must be treated before discharge in the environment. Several methods are available for cyanide removal or detoxification. Natural degradation, alkaline chlorination, and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide are the most common methods in full-scale plants. Because of technical and economical concerns related to these methods, biological treatment processes have recently come under consideration. In phytoremediation, plants potential for pollutant removal is used. The main objective of present study is to investigate feasibility and potential of phytoremediation of cyanide-polluted soils by non-woody plants. The experiments carried out in this study were a completely random factorial design procedure, with three replications. Three non-woody plants: sorghum (as a cyanogenic cereal plant) and fescues with and free of endophyte (as grasses), were examined. Analysis of variance of the data obtained on soil cyanide reduction and cyanide accumulation in plants showed that phytoremediation is a suitable technique for low concentration of cyanide-polluted soils. Besides, it was been found that sorghum has a better soil cyanide removal efficiency than fescues, so that a significant portion of soil cyanide will accumulate in sorghum tissues.}, Keywords = {Cyanide, Phytoremediation, Natural degradation, Toxicity, Soil pollution.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {515-523}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-806-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-806-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Hajabbasi, M.A. and Besalatpour, A. and Melali, A.R.}, title = {Impacts of Converting Rangelands to Cultivated Land on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils in West and Southwest of Isfahan}, abstract ={  Applying of intensive cultivation especially in marginal and sensitive regions, after conversion of rangelands to cropland farms, commonly causes reduction in soil quality, and thus an increase in soil degradation, erosion and runoff. This study was conducted to evaluate the land use change effects on some soil physical and chemical properties such as mean weight diameter (MWD), soil organic matter (SOM), bulk density (BD) and saturated electrical conductivity (ECe). For the experiment, soil samples were collected from 8 regions (rangeland and cultivated range) from west and southwest of Isfahan. Samples were taken from two soil layers 0-15 and 15-30 cm. Results showed that after conversion of range to cultivated lands, in some regions, SOM content was increased about 39% but in some regions decreased about 26%. This is due to the initial conditions of the regions. The ECe also increased by 41% due to this conversion. However, no changes were observed to the MWD, BD and pH in different treatments. Although there were little change to the physical and chemical properties of soil as a result of this conversion, those properties which were changed, could have a degradation effect and lower the soil quality.}, Keywords = {Land use change, Sustainable management, Mean weight diameter, Soil organic Matter, Bulk density.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {525-534}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-807-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-807-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {MohammadiTorkashvand, A. and Nikkami, D.}, title = {Investigating the Accuracy and Precision of Some Methods of Soil Erosion Features Mapping}, abstract ={  Erosion features map is one of the basic maps in erosion and sediment studies considered important in watershed management programs. For preparing soil erosion features map (1:250000 scale), a study was conducted in Jajroud sub-basin of Tehran, Iran. Working unit maps were prepared from integrating: A) plant cover, geology and slope B) land-use, geology and slope C) land-use, rocks sensitivity to erosion and slope and D) land-use, rocks sensitivity to erosion and land units. Working unit maps obtained from integrating layers were compared with three other maps consisting of working units maps according to E) land units F) rocks sensitivity to erosion units and G) image photomorphic units. Erosion features intensities in 314 control points were controlled and erosion features ground truth map was prepared by Thiessen method and using satellite imagery. Erosion features map was crossed with different working unit maps. Results showed that D map was better than A, B and C maps with regard to economic considerations. Accuracy was 53.0 and 42.9% for methods of land unit and rock sensitivity which resulted in the maps not suitable for differentiating soil erosion features. Root Mean Squared Error of working units showed that the error of land unit and rock sensitivity methods was more than image interpretation and integrated layers methods. The highest coefficient of variation was related to land unit and rock sensitivity to erosion methods and was the least for image interpretation and integrated layers methods. The greatest precision, therefore, was related to image interpretation and integrated layers methods. In general, working unit map of image interpretation was the best method for preparing soil erosion features map.}, Keywords = {Erosion features map, Accuracy and Precision of Produced Maps, GIS, RS.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {537-549}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-808-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-808-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {NaderiKhorasgani, M. and Karimi, A.}, title = {Geomorphological Characteristics of Claypan and Their Impacts on Land Degradation Using GIS Techniques. A Case Study: Rodasht Area (Esfahan-Iran)}, abstract ={  This research was carried out to study the impacts of geomorphologic characteristics of claypan on land use and land degradation. Databank of the study area was constructed and digital terrain model of claypan was prepared. By using GIS techniques spatial distributions of the subsurface drainage network, sediment transportation index and wetness index were calculated. The results indicate that the depth to the claypan is between 0 (where the pan is exposed at the surface) to 605 cm. There are several depressions in the claypan which are filled by new sediments. Each depression has a catchment which is charged by the drainage water of its attributed lands. While a depression drains naturally or synthetically, the attributed soils over the depression are in non saline or moderate salinity condition otherwise, a marshland, a waterlogging area or a salt crust zone develops over there. The results also indicated that soil surface salinity is a function of depth to claypan and drainage condition of area. The trends of salinity extension are different for closed and open catchments and the depth to the claypan could be estimated using electrical conductivity. The results also show that analysis of microtopography of soil surface and soil stratification should be considered for designing irrigation and drainage networks.}, Keywords = {Waterlogging, Salinity, Claypan, Wetness index, Sediment transport index, GIS. }, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {551-563}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-809-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-809-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {YaghmaeianMahabadi, N. and Givi, J.}, title = {Comparision of Different Methods of Gypsum Determination in Selected Soils from Isfahan}, abstract ={  Gypsum affects many physical, chemical and mineralogical properties which in turn influences management, classification and sutability of the soils. This is the reason why accurate measurement of gypsum in soil is very important. In most of the soil science laboratories, the method of acetone ,in spite of its too much limitation, is being used as a standard method. The purpose of this research was to compare different gypsum determination methods and to find the most suitable one. The study areas include Jafarabad of Borkhar and Sepahanshahr.Soil samples were collected from different horizons of the studied profiles and seven samples with a wide range of gypsum content were selected. Gypsum content of the soil samples were determined by methods of acetone, sodium carbonate, resin, calcium and magnesium difference, diluted extracted sulfate, ammonium carbonate, sodium citrate and hydrochloric acid. To calculate the recovery percentage of the methods, after adding a certain amount of gypsum with known purity percentage to the soil samples, gypsum content was determined again by above mentioned eight methods. To evaluate the suitability of the methods, in addition to the recovery percentage of the methods, coefficient of variability and extent of proximity of the regression line to the 1:1 line were used. The results revealed that among the used methods, the method of sodium carbonate is the most accurate one. Resin method is ranked as the second best method and can be used in non-saline soils as another accurate method for determination of gypsum content. Sodium citrate and hydrochloric acid methods for different amounts of gypsum and ammonium carbonate method for gypsum content up to 30% are third in rank as far as their accuracy is concerned. Acetone, calcium magnesium difference and diluted extracted sulfate methods are not sufficiently accurate, because of low solubility of gypsum in water which is used as an extractant. In general, the most important determinant of accuracy of the methods is extractants of the gypsum among which the sodium carbonate has the highest efficiency.}, Keywords = {Gypsum determination, Most suitable method, Recovery percentage, Slope of regression line, Method of sodium carbonate.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {565-576}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-810-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-810-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {MoalemiOre, A. and Karparvarfard, S.H.}, title = {Effects of Soil Compaction Due to Wheel Traffic on Corn Growth and Yield}, abstract ={  This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of soil compaction due to wheel traffic on corn growth and yield, in summer 2004 and 2005 at the Badjgah Research Station, Shiraz University located in North West of Shiraz, Iran. The treatments consisted of axial load in two levels and wheel traffic location treatments at four levels, including none, between rows, on rows and on entire plot area. The corn growth rate, root density and yield were not significantly influenced by axial load, but they were significantly affected by wheel traffic in all plots. Corn yield with wheel traffic on entire plot area averaged 3.97 Mg/ha which was significantly lower than the yields with the other treatments which averaged 6.65 Mg/ha with no traffic.}, Keywords = {Soil compaction, Corn growth and yield, Root density.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {579-594}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-811-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-811-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Jalilvand, H.}, title = {Tree-Ring Growth Response of Common Ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) to Climatic Variables Using Multiple Regressions}, abstract ={  This study was down in Forest Park of Noor. In order to determination of tree ring response to climatic variations, 35 cores were taken from dominant natural stand of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). The guide of this study was finding which climatic variables are effective in the ring width growth of ash in current growing year and previous years (one, two and three years before current growing year) by multiple regression models at the North of IR-Iran. Totally, 85 annually, monthly seasons and seasonal growth climatic variations of precipitation, temperature, heat index, evapotranspiration and water balance were analyzed. The best multiple regression models were explained 83 percent of total variance of the growth of common ash. The results show that the growth of common ash was related to the previous year's climatic variations than that of the current year. The most effective role of climatic variations was due to the first and second preceding years (55%). Evapotranspiration of July and September, and precipitation of May in the second and precipitation of March in the third previous years, all were positively affected the growth of this species. This study revealed that ash is interested in warmer condition on early and middle of seasonal growth in present of available humid, and precipitation in the months of early growing season (Ordibehesht-Khordad of two previous years).}, Keywords = {Common Ash, Growth Response, Multiple Regression, Climatic Variations, Tree-Ring.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {597-609}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-812-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-812-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {MohammadnejadKiasari, S.H. and Akbarzade, M. and Jafari, B.}, title = {Investigation on the Plant Biodiversity in the Forestation Area of Needle Leaves Species (Case study: Kohsarkande- Mazandaran)}, abstract ={  The research design of elimination trail has performed in the form of randomized completely blocks design with 3 replications and 8 treatments ( species of needleleaves) in Kohsarkande forests of Neka, Mazandaran(North of Iran). For investigation of the plant biodiversity the treatments of needleleaves in this elimination trail, the aforestation of hard woods(Maple) and the bare area were selected. For determination of characteristics of top soil(0-10cm), a total of 24 samples of treatments were taken(per treatment 3 samples) and topsoil chemical properties such as EC, pH, T.N.V, caso4, P, K and organic matter were analized. To determin of plant biodiversity in these treatments Simpson´s index, N2 Hill´s index, Mc Arthur´s index and Shannon-Wiener function were used and for determination of species richness of these treatments Margalef ´s index and Menhinick´s index were employed. The results of this research showed that the treatments of the bare area, Cryptomeria japonica and Pinus pinaster with minimal survival and at least litter covering percentage have the highest biodiversity of plant covering on the floor of these treatments. The treatments of Pinus teada and the aforestation of hard woods(Maple) with maximum survival and the highest litter covering percentage have the lowest biodiversity of the plant covering on the floor of these treatments.}, Keywords = {Biodiversity, Forestation, Soft woods, Richness, Evenness.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {611-625}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-813-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-813-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Bonyad, A.E. and Hajyghaderi, T.}, title = {Inventorying and Mapping of Natural Forest Stands of Zanjan Province Using Landsat ETM+ Image Data}, abstract ={The natural forest and range stands of Zanjan province are located in mountainous areas. Inventorying and mapping of natural forest and range stands in mountainous areas are difficult and costly. Satellite data are suitable for this purpose. The Landsat ETM+ image data of 2002 are used for classification and mapping of natural forest stands in Zanjan province. For the purpose of data reduction and principal components extraction, the principal components analysis (PCA) was used. Just the scores of the first three PCs (PCA1، PCA2 and PCA3 (that accounted for 76.67 percent of the total variance were considered as new images for future analysis. A raster geographic information system (RGIS) database file was prepared and involved 7 ETM+ bands, 3 principle component analysis, 9 factor analysis and 8 vegetation indexes of image data. The correlation coefficients of 27 image layers and optimum index factors (OIF) of selected images were computed and 12 groups were found suitable for natural forest and range stands. Maximum liklelihood classification (MLC) method was used in this study. In order to test the accuracy of map, kappa index of agreement was calculated. The highest KIP belonged to three λ3, λ4, λ5 Landsat image bands with KIP = 0.86. The highest OIF belonged to three PCA3, FA2 and MIR with value of 233.44 and lower OIF belonged to three λ4, λ5, λ7 with value of 83.63. The overall, user’s and producer’s accuracy rates were 88.45, 73.69 and 70.23 percent respectively. The results of the study show that the Landsat ETM+ image data were appropriate for classification and mapping of natural forest and range stands in Zanjan province.}, Keywords = {Classification, ETM+, Forest mapping, Remote sensing, Zanjan.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {627-638}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Hedayati, S.A.A. and Yavari, V. and Bahmani, M. and Alizadeh, M. and Kazemi, R. and Hallajian, A.}, title = {Study of Annual Gonadic Development in Great Sturgeon ( Huso huso ) Cultured in Brackish Water}, abstract ={  Great sturgeon is one of the most economically important species. However, in recent years overfishing, illegal fishing, etc., have resulted in severe declines in the stocks of this species. For conservation, stock of this species, determination of gonadal situation and its gonadal growth exchanges is very important. This paper is a histological approach to gonadal staging in 74 Huso huso in the 4 – and - 5 - year old classes. The fishes were reared in brackish water concert tanks under controlled conditions. A small section of the gonads of each fish was removed by biopsy. The gonadal tissue was fixed in buoin solution. They were dehydrated in different diluted solutions of alcohol and chloroform until they were clear. Then they were embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 7 µm and stained by hematoxylin and eosin method. Of the four-year old fish, %56 and %44 were males and females, respectively. %6 of males were at stage I %11 stage I-II %61 stage II %13 stage II-III %11 stage III-IV and %8 were at stage IV-V. %3 of the females were at unknown stage %3 stage I %11 stage I-II %60 stage II %14 stage II-III and 9% stage III. Of the 5 year old fish, %12.5 of males were at stage II % 25 stages II-III %50 stages III and %12.5 were at stage IV. %62.5 of females were at stage II and %37.5 were at stage II-III. Results of this study Compared with those obtained from fishes of the same age class studied in natural habitats as well as the results obtained for the farmed sturgeons from freshwater medium indicate that there is no similarly in the stage of gonadal development in different conditions. Longest stage in tow sexes was stage II that is longer in females, and passing of stage II in males is faster. Males showed more sexual maturity than females. Gonadic growth in culture medium is faster than wild condition, and it is faster in brackish water than fresh water. So, we can state that brackish water is a suitable medium for gonadic growth of Great sturgeon.}, Keywords = {Biopsy ,Gonad development, Huso huso , Brackish water.}, volume = {11}, Number = {42}, pages = {641-649}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-815-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-815-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2008} }