@article{ author = {M.M.Ghasemi, and A.R.Sepaskhah,}, title = {Economic Evaluation of Every-Other Furrow Irrigation for Sorghum with Real and Subsidized Irrigation Water Prices}, abstract ={In this study, the effect of deficit irrigation with every–other furrow irrigation method, which is an innovated method in farm irrigation management, was examined on sorghum (Sorghum durra L.) in Bajgah and Kooshkak areas of Fars Province. The experimental design was split plot with three main plots of irrigation interval (10, 15 and 20 days), three subplots of irrigation methods (ordinary furrow, fixed and variable every–other furrow), and 4 replications. Considering the crop production cost with real and subsidized prices of water in both areas, the net benefit per unit volume of irrigation water and benefit–cost ratio were calculated. The results showed that these economic parameters for the fixed and alternative furrow irrigation methods of 10-day intervals in both areas did not differ much with those of the ordinary furrow irrigation with 10-day intervals and were even higher in Bajgah area. Furthermore, the relationship between the amount of irrigation water, water application efficiency (Ea), water price per unit volume (Cw) and the net benefit per unit volume of irrigation water (B) with different conveyance efficiencies (Ec) were determined by multiple linear regression procedure. The regression coefficients of linear fit equation between the costs and irrigation water were determined. The results indicated that with higher price of water, the farmer should increase the farm irrigation application efficiency to avoid the economic losses.}, Keywords = { Every-other furrow irrigation, Water price, Economic evaluation of irrigation. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-460-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-460-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {J.AbediKoupai, and M.A.Fathi,}, title = {Mechanical Properties of Concrete Canal Lining Containing Rice Husk Ash in Sulfate Environments}, abstract ={Rice husk, an agricultural waste, is produced about 100 million tons annually in the world and 0.5 million tons in Iran. Due to growing environmental concerns about disposal of these wastes, efforts are required to apply the wastes in industry. In this research, the mechanical properties of concrete incorporating rice husk ash (RHA) in sulfate environments (such as irrigation canals) were investigated and the increase in concrete strength was compared with control samples. In order to burn the husks at a controlled temperature to obtain a highly reactive pozzolanic RHA, a furnace was designed and built. The experiments included 405 samples of cubical (707070-mm) and cylindrical (50.8101.6-mm) concrete samples (105 samples for A, B and C treatments, respectively) which were stored in different ages (7, 28, 60, 180 days) under three different conditions (solutions of magnesium, calcium and sodium sulfates). The portions of RHA as cement replacement were 20 and 30 percents for B and C treatments. The results showed that the samples of concrete containing 20 percent RHA as cement replacement had higher compressive and tensile strengths in sulfate environments at 180 days compared with those of control concretes. The concrete samples containing RHA showed sharper gradients compared to control samples of up to 180 days under sulfate conditions. The best portion of RHA in concrete was determined to be 20 percent by weight.}, Keywords = { Concrete lining of irrigation canals, Rice husk ash, Pozzolans. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {13-27}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-461-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-461-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {B.Ghahreman,}, title = {A Comprehensive Study of June 6, 1992 Storm in Mashhad}, abstract ={An intense storm occurred on June 6, 1992 in Mashhad city and its suburb, which caused a flood in the residential areas of Najafi, Chahar-cheshmeh and Nodareh. As a consequence of the abnormally huge flood, 25 people lost their lives and many structures were destroyed. Three recording rain gages located in Mashhad city (airport, College of Agriculture, and Water Authority) and one in the suburbs (Toroq dam) recorded the temporal distribution of the storm. Twenty five other nearby rain gages in the region also recorded the event. The rainfall hyetographs and rainfall amounts were analyzed. The results of this survey showed that: a) maximum rainfall intensity over a 15-minute duration in the College of Agriculture station, one of the centers of the storm, was 112 mm/hr, b) temporal distribution of rainfall for all recording stations were nearly the same, c) these patterns were in close agreement with all historic storms, and d) a return period of 380 years was implied via comparing the maximum rainfall intensity with relevant IDF curves. As a consequence, although an intense storm had happened, it was simply an outlier.}, Keywords = { Storm, Mashhad, Iran, Rainfall temporal distribution, Rainfall spatial distribution. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {29-41}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-462-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-462-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {M.Mazhari, and S.Yazdani,}, title = {Effects of Partial Competition on Benefits from Technical Change: Evidence from Tomato Industry in Khorasan Province}, abstract ={Studies on benefits from innovations (technical change) have mostly been performed within the framework of competitive markets. These studies indicate that if the market structure under study is not competitive, determination of technical change benefits within a competitive framework may yield distorted or biased results for different groups. Considering the noncompetitive market structure of tomato in Khorasan Province, benefits from applying biological innovation for farmers, processors and the society as a whole were estimated. The results indicate that under noncompetitive conditions in the tomato market in Khorasan Province, and as a result of the processors’ market power in buying tomato, the potential benefits of utilizing hybrid varieties have reduced for both farmers and the society by about 58 and 12.5 percent, respectively. It may naturally be concluded that farmers’ incentives to adopt hybrid varieties are attenuated because of the tomato noncompetitive market.}, Keywords = { Partial competition, Benefit, Welfare, Tomato, Innovation, Oligopoly, Oligopsony. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {43-52}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-463-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-463-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {M.Toodehroosta, and J.Mir-MohammadSadeghi,}, title = {Survey of Income Distribution Among Farmers in Savojbolagh and the Factors Affecting it}, abstract ={The purpose of this study is to investigate the income distribution among the farmers of two districts of lowland and upland of Savojbolagh township of Tehran Province, Iran. The data of this study were collected by filling out questionnaires through interviews with 350 farmers who were selected by stratified random sampling. For analysis, such techniques as Gini Ratio, comparing the quintiles, and comparing means of different variables were used. The results showed that the income inequalities in the upland district were larger than in lowland. Income mean in the fifth quintile relative to other quintiles was considerably large and this fact was more serious in upland. As in income distribution, similar inequalities were observed in land distribution. The source of income of the farmers included income from agricultural activities (crops, livestock and fruit production) and from nonagricultural activities (second jobs and other incomes). Inequalities in total income in lowland and upland were mainly generated from agricultural sources of income while non-agricultural sources were less important. Inequalities in income from agricultural sources in lowland were related to livestock, fruits, and crops, and in upland to livestock, crops and fruits, respectively.}, Keywords = { Income distribution, Lourenz curve, Gini ratio, Quintiles and deciles, Income ratios, Savojbolagh. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {53-68}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-464-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-464-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {M.Chorom, and C.Jafari,}, title = {Cobalt and Cadmium Fixation by Soil Clays as Affected by Thermal Energy}, abstract ={Environmental pollution is one of the major problems for humans and animals. Radioactive wastes and heavy metals are important sources of pollution. Recent studies suggest that soil and geomedia have a high potential for the disposal of radioactive wastes and heavy metals. The clay minerals in geomedia can act as a barrier against radioactive wastes and heavy metals. However, enough information and experimental evidence about the mechanisms involved in the fixation of metals by clays are not available. This study aimed to show the effect of clay type on the fixation of cobalt and cadmium as affected by thermal energy. Increasing the temperature from 25 to 400°C decreased the CEC of clays in Ahwaz and Darab soils saturated with cobalt from 35.6 and 50.1 cmolc+/kg to 28.8 and 4.5, respectively. In cadmium clays, however, reductions in CEC were minimal (from 34.3 and 51.2 at 25°C to 32.5 and 47.7 cmolc+/kg at 400°C, respectively) compared to cobalt saturated clays. Consequently, the bonding characteristics change according to the size of the cations upon thermal treatment. The small cation, cobalt with an ionic radius of 0.68 Å, apparently migrates to the octahedral vacant sites and forms covalent bonds after heating at 400°C to become non-exchangable (fixed). The larger cation, Cd with an ionic radius of 0.97Å, apparently does not migrate into lattice sites on thermal treatment and remains exchangeable.}, Keywords = { Pollutant metals, Layer charge, Cation fixation, Clay mineralogy, X-ray diffractometry. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {69-83}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-465-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-465-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {M.Sheklabadi, and H.Khademi, and A.H.Charkhabi,}, title = {Runoff and Sediment Yield in Soils Developed on Different Parent Materials in the Golabad Watershed, Ardestan}, abstract ={Soil erodibility in arid regions, particularly in less developed soils, greatly depends on parent material. The objectives of this study included comparison of the potential of runoff and sediment production in soils with different parent materials and identification of the highly sensitive parent materials in Golabad watershed, 60 km northeast of Isfahan, with about 160 mm of annual precipitation and various geological formations, as one of the highly erodible watersheds in Iran. Soils formed on twelve different parent materials were selected. Rainfall simulator was run for 80 minutes on three replicates of each soil. To have an idea about the rate of runoff and sediment generation with time, runoff loaded with sediment was collected every 10 minutes using plastic containers. After measuring the volume of each runoff sample, it was dried and the amount of sediment was measured. The mechanical parameters of the applied rain were: intensity about 40 mm/hr, rain drop average diameter: 6.56 mm plot size: 1 m2 and kinetic energy of 13.7-17.2 J/m2.mm. Based on the rainfall simulation experiments, soils formed on green andesite and slightly dissected alluvium derived from both sedimentary and igneous rocks created the highest amount of runoff. They also created runoff much more rapidly as compared to other soils. In contrast, soils developed on granodiorite and moderately undulating alluvium produced the least volume of runoff. Furthermore, maximum quantity of sediment was produced from the soils occurring on green andesite and shale. The least sediment yield was observed in soils developed on granodirite and moderately undulating alluvium. Soils formed on shale created the highest sediment concentration and no significant differences were observed among other soils. Based on the results obtained, soils were ranked according to sensitivity to erosion. It is concluded that soil parent materials have a high influence on the production of runoff and sediment yield in Golabad watershed.}, Keywords = { Runoff, Sediment yield, Parent materials, Rainfall simulator, Erosion, Golabad watershed, Ardestan. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {85-101}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-466-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-466-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {H.Ghadiri, and M.Majidian,}, title = {Effect of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Moisture Stress During Milky and Dough Stages on Grain Yield, Yield Components and water Use Efficiency of Corn (Zea mays L.)}, abstract ={In order to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels and water stress during milky and dough stages on grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency of corn hybrid SC 704 (late maturing, non prolific and dent type), a field study was conducted. The factorial design of the study comprised of a randomized complete block with four replications. Four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 92, 184 and 276 kg/ha nitrogen) along with three levels of irrigation (water stress imposed at milky stage, dough stage and a season-long optimum irrigation) were used as treatments. Results showed that water stress during milky and dough stages significantly decreased grain yield and thousand kernel weight. Also, effect of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield, kernel number per ear, kernel weight per ear and thousand kernel weight was significant. Maximum grain yield was produced with 276 kg/ha nitrogen, although no significant differences were found among 92, 184 and 276 kg/ha nitrogen levels. Regarding water use efficiency during water stress, maximum efficiency was observed at milky stage but, as water stress declined with optimum irrigation, water use efficiency decreased.}, Keywords = { Zea mays L., Nitrogen, Moisture stress, Yield, Water use efficiency. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {103-113}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-467-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-467-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {A.Mojiri, and A.Arzani,}, title = {Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Plant Density on Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower}, abstract ={In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on grain yield and its components in sunflower, an experiment was conducted using 'Record' cultivar at the Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology in 1996. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha) and four plant densities (65000, 75000, 85000 and 95000 plants/ha) were used in a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Developmental stages, plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, number of head per m2, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per head, grain oil percentage, oil yield and grain protein content were measured. The results indicated that N fertilizer caused an extension of the growth period and means of days to physiological maturity. It also increased plant height, stem diameter and head diameter. While increasing plant density had an incremental effect on plant height, it negatively affected stem diameter and head diameter. N fertilizer up to 150 kg/ha increased the grain yield and biological yield, whereas higher levels of N fertilizer decreased both. Plant density of 85000 plants per hectare was observed as a suitable plant density, whereas the higher plant density had a negative effect on grain yield. N fertilizer via increasing the number of grains per head, and plant density via increasing the number of heads per unit area and also decreasing the number of grains per head influenced the grain yield. One-thousand grain weight was not affected by neither N fertilizer nor plant density. Considering the superiority of 150 kg/ha of N fertilizer and plant density of 85000 plants/ha for grain yield and oil yield, it appears that they could be recommended for producing desirable yield in the regions similar to the study region.}, Keywords = { Sunflower, Plant density, Nitrogen fertilizer, Grain yield, Oil yield. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {115-125}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-468-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-468-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {R.Amoo-Aghaie, and A.Mostajeran, and G.Emtiazi,}, title = {Effect of Azospirillum Inoculation on Some Growth Parameters and Yield of Three Wheat Cultivars}, abstract ={Azospirillum brasilense is one of the N2-fixing microorganisms which, in symbiosis with the roots of cereals and other graminae, enhances growth and development of plants. In this research, wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum) of three cultivars (Ghods, Roshan and Omid) were inoculated with Azospirillum strains (Sp7 and Dol). Inoculation increased growth parameters and yield of wheat cultivars, the effect being directly dependent on the strain-cultivar combination. Strain Sp7 induced the greatest grain yield, 1000-seed weight, number of grains per spike, root and shoot dry weight in Cv. Roshan, whereas strain Dol stimulated the best effect on these growth parameters in Cv. Ghods. The response of Cv. Omid was lower as compared to the other cultivars. Thus, it may be concluded that compatible strains are necessary for increasing yield and enhancing growth and development of wheat cultivars. These experiments also illustrated similar results regarding the effect of strains on N content of seeds. The observation of nitrogenase activity of Azospirillum strains in the In vitro experiments and the significant increases in N content in some inoculated cultivars support the hypothesis that biological nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum could be responsible for the observed beneficial effects on growth parameters. The comparison of nitrogenase activity of two strains showed that acetylene reduction rate for strain Dol was 1.5 times more than that for strain Sp7. Also strain Dol had more pronounced effects on growth parameters, yield and N content of grains than did strain Sp7. Strain Dol is a local strain whereas strain Sp7 is a Brazilian isolate thus, it may be concluded that the local isolates should be preferred to the foreign bacteria, as they are better suited to traditional cultivars, environment and soil conditions of the region.}, Keywords = { Azospirillum , Wheat, Yield, Growth parameters, Association, N2 fixation. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {127-139}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-469-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-469-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {T.Ghoorchi, and S.Rahimi, and M.Rezaeian, and G.R.Ghorbani,}, title = {Degradation of Dry Matter and Fiber of Five Feeds by Rumen Anaerobic Fungi of Sheep}, abstract ={An experiment was carried out to estimate the potential activity of rumen anaerobic fungi in the degradation of dry matter and fiber of feeds. Samples of wheat bran, bagasse, cotton seed, alfalfa and corn silage were used as the substrates to culture rumen fungi which were isolated from a fistulated Shal sheep. Loss percentages of dry matter (DML), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent (ADL), cellulose, and hemicellulose of samples were measured after 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of incubation. Dry matter and NDF loss of substrates varied from 10.6 % to 29.4% and 11.7% to 48.7% after 9 days of fungi growth. The highest and lowest DML and NDF were related to alfalfa and bagasses, respectively. The highest values for the ADF loss (39%), hemicellulose loss (65.6%) and cellulose loss (55.6%) were measured from alfalfa. The results indicated that rumen anaerobic fungi have the ability of degrading dry matter and fiber from different types of feed.}, Keywords = { Anaerobic fungi, Rumen, NDF, ADF, Lignin. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {141-150}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-470-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-470-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {M.Toghiani, and A.Samie, and A.Gheisari,}, title = {Effect of Early Feed Restriction and Increased Nutrient Density after Restriction Period on Compensatory Growth in Broiler Chickens}, abstract ={This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of intensity of restricted early feed and increased nutrient density after restriction period on performance and compensatory growth in broilers. Two hundred and eighty-eight broiler (Lohman) chicks in a completely randomized design in a 2*3 factorial arrangement of treatments were employed. Birds were fully fed from 7 to 13d or 100% of adlibitum intake on a daily basis. The diets were diluted at 25% and 50% levels with rice hulls. After the restriction period, birds were fed with a diet, formulated to meet all their nutrient needs, according to the NRC (1994) or 10% of protein, methionine and lysine above NRC in the realimentation diet from 13 to 21d. Body weight, feed intake, daily gain and feed conversion were determined weekly and selected carcass characteristics (liver, intestine and abdominal fat pad) were measured at 49 days of age. Feed restriction significantly (P0.05). Increased nutrient density had no effect on growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency for fully-fed birds and restricted birds at 49d. The results from this experiment showed that broiler chicks may be expected to gain weight similar to chicks with fully feeding even after restricted early feed if fed with NRC diets. The effect may be due to compensatory growth.}, Keywords = { Broiler chicks, Early feed restriction, Compensatory growth, Protein. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {151-159}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-471-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-471-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {A.Gheisari, and R.Bahadoran, and S.S.Tadayonfar,}, title = {Determination of Chemical Composition and Suitable Levels of Wheat Feed Screening and Macaroni Wastes in Broiler Chick Diets}, abstract ={In order to study the nutritive value of grades 1 and 2 wheat feed screening and macaroni wastes as energy resources, 360 21-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 36 groups of 10. In this experiment, each experimental levels of feedstuff was used at 0 (control group), 15, 30 and 45%. In addition, their apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) was determined by Sibbald’s method. Daily feed intake of chicks fed by diets containing macaroni wastes and grade 1 wheat feed screening for 21 to 56 days of age was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). In contrast, body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion had no significant differences during this period. However, in the total experimental period, the best feed conversion belonged to chicks fed with various levels of macaroni wastes and grade 1 wheat feed screening. Apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of macaroni wastes and wheat feed screening were 3700, 3270, and 2870 kcal/kg, respectively. According to the results of this experiment, it is possible to use macaroni wastes and grade 1 wheat feed screening at 45% and 30% levels in the diet of broiler chicks, respectively, without any undesirable effects on their performance.}, Keywords = { Broiler chicks, Macaroni wastes, Wheat feed screening. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {161-170}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-472-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-472-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Sh.Dokhani, and J.Keramat, and S.RoofigariHaghighat,}, title = {Total Glycoalkaloids and ;alpha -Solanine Changes in Potato Tubers During Storage and Heat Processing}, abstract ={Three potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.), spring Marfona, autumn Cosima and Marfona, obtained from Isfahan Province, were stored under different conditions: 4oC, darkness 12oC, fluorescent light room temperature, darkness and room temperature, daylight. Relative humidity of the above stores was 85 to 90%. Analyses were carried out to determine total glycoalkaloids, α-solanine, specific gravity and total solids, during 30 days for the spring cultivar and 90 days for the autumn cultivars in stored tubers. α -Solanine content of each cultivar was determined by HPLC, in mg per 100 g dry weight, at the beginning, the midinterval, and the end of storage periods. Also, amounts of α-solanine in autumn cultivars, which showed the highest levels after storage for sixty days, were determined before and after heat processing for frying and cooking. Data were analyzed statistically by completely randomized design with Duncan’s multiple range test. The results revealed that the amount of α-solanine of the spring cultivar considerably increased under 12oC and flourescent light as compared with the other storage conditions. The amounts of α-solanine considerably increased during the storage of autumn cultivars which were stored at 12oC under flourescent light compared with those stored at room temperature and daylight, room temperature and darkness, and at 4oC and darkness, respectively. The amount of α-solanine decreased due to spring conditions during the storage period for cultivars stored at room temperature and darkness. In spite of the decreasing effect of peeling, before frying and after cooking, frying and cooking processes had no effect on the amount of α-solanine in the samples. Therefore, according to the above results, the most appropriate storage conditions to prevent increasing effect of α-solanine in potato tubers was 4oC in darkness.}, Keywords = { &alpha-Solanine, Potato storage, HPLC, Glycoalkaloids, Solanum tuberosum . }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {171-183}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-473-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-473-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Z.Sheikh-ol-Eslami, and J.Jamalian,}, title = {Investigation of Phytic Acid Contents of Wheat Flour, Dough and Lavash and Sangak Breads}, abstract ={Consumption of bread made from flours with high extraction rates is fairly common in western countries and has recently become widespread in Iran. Such breads contain relatively high levels of phytic acid. Phytic acid is present in the aleurone layer of wheat in the form of potassium-magnesium salts. It is carried over to wheat flour and to bread. Phytic acid is known to have chelating properties and to form complexes with bivalent cations (iron, calcium, zinc and so on), thus reducing their bioavailability in humans. In addition, phytate salts can form complexes with proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the diet, making them unavailable too. In the present study, phytic acid contents of flours ( 3 individual extraction rates and 2 combinations), the dough and two types of popular breads of Khorasan (Lavash & Sangak) made from these flours were determined. The results showed that the flours had, on the average, 570.37 mg phytic acid per 100 g and that the phytic acid contents of breads were, on the average, 347.31 mg/100g. This indicates that the present baking procedures do not have an appreciable effect on the level of phytic acid recovered in bread.}, Keywords = { Phytic acid, Sangak bread, Lavash bread, Flour, Dough. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {185-192}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-474-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-474-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {F.Shokoohifar, and A.Bagheri, and M.FalahatiRastegar,}, title = {Identification of Genetic Diversity in the Ascochyta Blight Pathogen of Chickpea [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.] Using RAPD Markers}, abstract ={The poor information available on variation of Ascochyta blight fungus is the most important factor limiting chickpea breeding programs for resistance to blight disease. In this study, efforts were made to detect genetic variation of the pathogen in Iran. The RAPD marker was employed to evaluate 26 isolates collected from 16 provinces. Twelve random primers were used to analyze genomic DNA of the isolates. Only ten primers showed polymorphism among isolates. Primer OPK-01 defined the highest number of polymorphism and primer OPK-09 confirmed relatively low degree of polymorphism. On the basis of this molecular marker, the estimated genetic diversity index was 98% and the pair-wise genetic distance of the isolates varied from 0.16 to 0.61. The least genetic distance belonged to isolates 20 and 22 from Qazvin and Golestan while the highest distance belonged to isolates 26 and 12 from Mazandaran and Markazi. The phylogenic tree was constructed by cluster analysis and all the isolates grouped to 22 genetic clusters at the 90% similarity level. The genetic groups were named from A to V and their distribution in Iran was determined. The results revealed that genetic variation among Iranian population of the pathogen is very high, and further that RAPD is a vigorous tool for genomic analysis of Ascochyta rabiei.}, Keywords = { Ascochyta blight, Genetic diversity, Genetic distance, RAPD. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {193-204}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-475-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-475-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {R.Mohammadi, and A.F.Mirlohi,}, title = {Influence of Endophytic Fungi on Improvement of Phenotypic Characteristics in Iranian Tall Fescue and Meadow Fescue}, abstract ={A symbiotic relationship exists between the endophytic fungi of the genus Neotyphodium and many cool-season grasses. Endophytes can alter the growth as well as morphological and physiological characteristics of the host plant, thereby influencing the persistence and survival rate of infected plants. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of endophyte on phenotypic characteristics of Iranian tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.). The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design with three replications in a factorial arrangement. The first factor was the two plant accessions and the secondary factor was the endophyte-infected and noninfected plants. The results showed that most of phenotypic characteristics significantly altered as a result of endophyte infection in both tall fescue and meadow fescue plants. Results of analysis of variance showed that the influence of endophyte fungus was positive and significant on tiller number, herbage yield, dry crown weight, dry root weight per plant, and crown depth. Also between plant accessions, there were significant differences for dry herbage yield, crown weight, dry root weight per plant, crown depth, and dry matter percentage. Plant by endophyte interaction was highly significant for crown depth and dry root weight per plant. Therefore, eudophytic fungi can be used to improve phenotypic characteristics in these plants.}, Keywords = { Endophytic fungi, Neotyphodium , Symbiosis, Phenotypic characteristics, Tall fescue, Meadow fescue }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {205-213}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-476-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-476-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Z.RafieiKarahroudi, and B.Hatami,}, title = {Comparison of Two Methods of Releasing Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.)}, abstract ={Green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.), is one of the important natural enemies of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. In this study, two experiments were conducted on cucumber plant in netted cages (70*70*40 cm) in a greenhouse. In the first experiment, Chryso-bags (special net bags with 360 holes per 2.5 cm2 and 8 cm in width and 12 cm in length) were used. Seven treatments of release ratios included 1:1, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 (predator: prey) and two control treatments with and without empty bags were compared. The experiment was conducted once in spring and once in autumn. In the second experiment, better release ratios were compared with two methods, Chryso-bag and sawdust as a carrier of eggs. Release ratios were 1:1 and 1:5 (predator: prey). Control treatments included only empty bag and sawdust, respectively. Results of the first experiment showed that the ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 were significantly different in spring, whereas they were not in autumn. The difference was probably due to the difference in temperature. Interaction between treatments and seasons showed that the ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 were not significantly different. In the second experiment, the release ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 in sawdust with each other and with 1:1 in Chryso-bags were not significantly different, while the ratio of 1:5 in Chryso-bag compared with 1:1 in both methods were significantly different. However, leaf necrosis was observed in the sawdust treatment.}, Keywords = { Method of release, Chrysoperla carnea , Aphis gossypii , Biological control. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {215-225}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-477-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-477-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {N.Loveimi, and M.Almassi,}, title = {Evaluating Mechanization in Northern Ahwaz}, abstract ={This study aims to evaluate mechanization quality and quantity for improvement purposes. Northern Ahwaz including five districts with a total area of 286,800 hectares was selected for evaluation. The current potentials for scientific mechanization and suitable production methods in the study area were identified within the framework of a field study. In addition to a holistic study of the area and the qualitative and quantitative factors, a plain with an area of 1,100 hectares was selected for a more concentrated and specific analysis of the results. Some of the factors uniquely investigated in the study area were not able to be studied in other parts of the region. The evaluation suggests that the level of mechanization in the region is 1.1 horse power/ha, which, despite its general desirability, is low for many farming technologies in the region such that most farmers use tractors for many farming activities like plowing and furrowing. In other words, the quality of mechanization in the region (worker skills, machinery management, support services, etc.) in terms of the evaluated parameters such as lower rates of tractor efficiency (40%), steep fall in reaping wheat by combine harvesters (9.4%), and a failure in farmers’ machinery training is undesirably low, far from the mechanization level in the region. The results indicate that to increase machinery efficiency, in addition to training of farmers, efforts must be addressed at providing support services. To promote the suitable technology and the level of mechanization, appropriate technologies must be identified and the required machinery and equipment should be supplied under the supervision of research and extension centers. However, regarding the low level of innovation and also low acceptance of new technologies by local farmers, it is suggested that in addition to training and extension services, typical farms must be used and mechanization service companies should be encouraged and supported in the region to supply the technologies and machinery.}, Keywords = { Mechanization, Appropriate technology, Level of mechanization, Degree of mechanization, Ahwaz. }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {227-240}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-478-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-478-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {S.A.M.MirmohammadyMaibody, and A.Amini, and J.Khajeddin,}, title = {Potential of Two Aleuropus Species in Lowering Soil Salt Levels and Reclamation of Saline Soils}, abstract ={In this study, the potential use of halophyte grasses, Aleuropus littoralis and A. lagopoides, on soil desalinization and lowering soil salinity was investigated under glasshouse conditions. The seeds of two species were collected from Rodasht area in Isfahan and grown with four salinity treatments obtained from different types of collected soils and replicated three times. Electrical conductivities of the four soil treatments were 12.4, 29.5, 43, and 69 dS/m. The results of mean comparison showed that shoot and root dry weight, sodium contents of dry weight and Na/K ratio were significantly different in both salinized species. Both species effectively reduced soil electrical conductivity by 23 to 42.5%. This was mainly due to ion absorbtion, and consequently, from Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+ ionic reduction. In general, considerable amounts of ionic absorbtion and total soluble salt secretion through their salt glands appeared to have the most pronounced effects on decreasing soil salinity. Regarding 50% salt excretion by these species, growing these grasses could be a possible way to decrease soil salinity by grazing or harvesting salt crusted foliage from the site.}, Keywords = { Salinity, Aleuropus , Reclamation of saline soils, Halophyte }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {241-250}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-479-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-479-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2003} }