@article{ author = {Karami, Ezatollah and Hayati, Daryoosh}, title = {Sustainable Versus Conventional Agriculture: Measurement of Attitudes}, abstract ={Sustainability has become a part of the language of almost all development projects. Although, in many instances it has been overused and misused, attaining sustainability in agricultural development is always one of our concerns. This paper aims (1) to clarify and describe the core beliefs and values underlying the two opposing world views of agriculture, i.e., “conventional agricultural paradigm” and “sustainable agricultural paradigm” (2) to describe an instrument developed to measure the basic beliefs and values assumed to constitute the two competing paradigms (3) to measure the adherence of extensionists and researchers of the Ministry of Agriculture towards sustainable agriculture and (4) to compare the adherence to alternative paradigms against conventional agricultural paradigms of Iranian groups with permaculture groups and agricultural chemical dealers of USA. The instrument was used in a nation wide survey. A two-stage random sample was used. In the first stage, 11 provinces were randomly selected and then in each of the selected provinces a simple random sample of extension agents, extension experts and agricultural researchers were selected for the study. The findings indicated that there is no significant difference among agricultural researchers, extension agents and extension experts in their mean endorsement score of sustainable agriculture. Data from a similar study in the USA were used to provide a means of comparison. Two extreme groups were selected, permaculture group with strong sustainable agricultural score and agricultural chemical dealers with lowest mean scores of sustainable agriculture. The mean scores of sustainable agriculture adherence of three Iranian groups were considerably lower than that of the USA permaculture group. However, there was no significant difference between three Iranian groups and USA agricultural chemical dealers which indicates low adherence of Iranian sample to sustainable agriculture. Considering the challenges Iranian farmers face for food production in the next decade and the role of the Ministry of Agriculture personnel, recommendations are put forth for changing knowledge, attitudes and skills of agricultural researchers and extensionists.}, Keywords = { Sustainable agriculture, Conventional agricultural, Attitudes measurement}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Afyuni, Majid and Rezainejad, Yahya and Khayambashi, Babak}, title = {Effect of Sewage Sludge on Yield and Heavy Metal Uptake of Lettuce and Spinach}, abstract ={Land application of sewage sludge is potentially beneficial as an inexpensive nutrient source. However, problem with the use of sludge may exist from high soil concentrations and subsequent uptake of heavy metals by plant and entering of the metals into the human and animal food chains. A field study with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) was conducted to examine uptake of heavy metals from a sludge amended soil as affected by sludge rate and time of sludge application. Sludge rates were 0, 22.5, and 45 ton/ha. To determine the effect of time on heavy metal uptake, a year after the first plants were harvested, one third of each plot was planted without sludge application and to the rest of each plot sludge was added in the same rates as before. Total and EDTA-extractable Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd concentrations in soil were determined. The metal concentrations in shoots and roots of the plants were determined separately. Total metal concentrations showed an increasing trend with addition of sewage sludge. Copper, Zn, and Pb EDTA-extractable concentrations in soil and concentrations of these metals in the plants increased significantly with sludge rate. Time of sludge application did not have any significant effect on EDTA-extractable and plant uptake of metals. Sewage sludge also increased the crop yields significantly.}, Keywords = { Sewage sludge, Heavy metal, Uptake, Lettuce, Spinach}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-30}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-263-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-263-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Razi, Hooman and Assad, Mohammad Taghi}, title = {Evaluating Variability of Important Agronomic Traits and Drought Tolerant Criteria in Sunflower Cultivars}, abstract ={Two field experiments were conducted in 1996 at the experimental station, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University at Badjgah. Fourteen cultivars consisting of eight hybrids and six open pollinated cultivars were grown in two randomized complete block designs with four replications. The well-watered experiment received water when evaporation reached 65±5 mm from class A evaporation pan. The water-limited experiment was irrigated in terms of 125±5mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan. Days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, head diameter, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of filled seeds per head, 1000 seed weight, kernel percentage, unfilled seed percentage, seed yield, oil percentage, oil yield and harvest index were measured. Most of the traits including seed yield and oil yield showed considerable genotypic and phenotypic variations. Highly significant differences were observed among cultivars. In normal and water stress conditions, the highest seed yield were obtained by Louc and Armavirsky cultivars, respectively. Water stress significantly decreased yield and its components. Furthermore, days to physiological maturity reduced in response to water deficit. However, oil percentage did not differ significantly. Drought resistance indexes were calculated in order to evaluate the response of each cultivar to water deficit. No association was found between yield potential and the stress susceptibility index, suggesting that drought resistance and high yield potential may be combined to improve sunflower cultivars. In addition, it was revealed that selection for height mean productivity and stress tolerance index will improve yield and drought tolerance simultaneously. Among cultivars that were used in this study, Armavirsky, besides having a relatively higher yield, was also drought tolerant.}, Keywords = { Sunflower, Drought tolerant, Stress susceptibility, Genotypic variance, Phenotypic variance}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {31-44}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Rezai, Abdolamjid and Amiri, Rez}, title = {The Necessity of Considering the Assumptions of Genetic Model in Diallel Analysis}, abstract ={Diallel crosses among 6 Avena sativa L. and A. sterilis L. lines and introductions were used to evaluate the validity of the assumptions for the genetic model. Number of days to pollination, plant height at pollination and at maturity, as well as grain and stem protein percentages were evaluated. According to Griffing's method 1 the reciprocal mean squares for all the traits under study were significant. But based on Hayman's analysis, the maternal effects for all the traits studied were not significant. Therefore, reciprocal means were used to evaluate the validity of the absence of multiple alleles, linkage and epistasis effects using regression of Wr on Vr and analysis of variance for Wr + Vr and Wr - Vr. Based on the results of the 3 methods, the genetic models for plant height at maturity and days to pollination were unbiased. Therefore, Hayman's analysis was used to estimate the genetic parameters for these traits. For plant height at pollination and stem protein percentage, significant and nonsignificant differences of regression slope from one and zero (Ho: β = 1 and Ho: β = 0) were detected, respectively. For these traits the biasedness of the model was removed after elimination of one parent from the diallel table. Grain protein percentage was not analyzed as it necessitated the elimination of 2 parents from the diallel table. In general, regression of Wr on Vr compare to Wr + Vr and Wr - Vr analysis of variances showed to be a more valid inductive method for testing the accuracy of the genetic model assumptions. Also, results of the Hayman and Jinks analysis, both when the assumptions are valid and when not, showed that genetic parameters are affected by the biasedness of the model, and that different estimates will be obtained. The Griffing's method was less affected by the unbiasedness of the model than Hayman and Jinks method. Therefore, it seems that preliminary testing for validity of the assumptions is necessary in Hayman and Jinks genetic model.}, Keywords = { Gene effect, Variance analysis, Genetic parameters, Reciprocal, Heredity, Oat, Avena sp}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {45-63}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Pour-Reza, Javad and Moslehi, Saie}, title = {Determination of Nutritional Value of Millet and Animal Fat (Tallow) for Broiler Chickens}, abstract ={Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of millet and tallow for broiler chickens. In the first experiment, the nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of millet and tallow were determined by the method of Sibbald. In the second experiment, a 3×5 factorial experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of 3 levels of tallow and 5 levels of substitution of corn with millet in broiler diets. Animal fat was included in the diets at levels of 0%, 3% and 6% and millet was replaced for corn at levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Each diet was tested in 4 replicates including 12 chicks per replicate. Live body weights, feed consumptions and feed conversion ratios were determined weekly for all replicates. The AMEn of unground, ground, screened and ground and tallow were 3260, 3204, 3237 and 8166 Kcall/kg, respectively. Replacement of corn by millet at all levels did not have any adverse effect on body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio at 56th day of age. Body weights, feed consumptions and feed conversion ratios were significantly increased (p<0.05) with increasing animal fat. The results indicated that millet has high energy value and appears to be at least equal to corn in promoting weight gains in broiler chickens.}, Keywords = { Metabolizable energy, Tallow, Millet, Broiler chickens}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-79}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Hajian, Mohammad and Jahanbakhsh, Vahi}, title = {An Investigation on Haloxylon spp Seed Mycoflora}, abstract ={Seeds of Haloxylon (H. pericae, H. aphyllum, and H. ammmodendron) were collected from Sabzevar and Gonabad regions. The seeds were kept in the refrigerator for isolation of the fungi after determining the germination rate and moisture content. The recommended methods by International Seed Testing Association (I.S.T.A.) for isolation of seedborne fungi were followed throughout this study. The fungi were isolated by agar plate method, standard blotter technique, Hiltner test and seed analysis. In this study 15 genera and 19 species of fungi were identified. Among them Alternaria, Aspergillus, Camarosporium, Fusarium, and Penicillium were dominant among fungal genera isolates.}, Keywords = { Haloxylon, Diseases, Mycoflora}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {81-87}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {Tahmasebi, Gholam Hossein and Ebadi, Rahim and Esmaili, Morteza and Kambousia, Jafar}, title = {Morphological Study of Honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.) in Iran}, abstract ={The first step in fundamental breeding of any living organism is the determination of its genetic make-up. To investigate the genetic make-up of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) in Iran, some research attempts were made during the years 1992-1996 in which the bee's relationship with some exotic races were determined through the application of morphological methods. For this purpose 13000 samples of worker bees from 1320 colonies of 212 apiaries in 104 cities at 25 provinces were taken and twelve morphological characters were measured by using the international method (Ruttner, 1978). Furthermore, seven morphological characters of 900 drone samples taken from 403 colonies of 111 apiaries in 42 cities at 10 provinces were studied through the same method. The principle component analysis (PCA) was used for statistical analysis of the data obtained. The results indicated that the existing populations of honeybees under study were of the Iranian honeybee race (Apis mellifera meda) which were completely distinguishable from those of imported races such as A.m. carnica, A.m. ligustica, A.m. caucasica and exotic races such as A.m. anatoliaca, A.m. syriaca A.m. yemenitica and A.m. lamarkii. The imported races had not had great genetic impact on the Iranian race, as the Iranian honeybees have had good consistency and stability. In addition, import of the exotic queens has been ceased in the last decade.}, Keywords = { Morphological study, Honeybee, Apis mellifera meda}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {89-101}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {1998} } @article{ author = {MahboobiSoofiani, Nasrollah and Shir-Mohammad, Fatemeh and Pour-Reza, Jav}, title = {Replacement of Fish Meal by Different Sources of Plant Protein in the Diet of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)}, abstract ={A 46-day feeding trial was conducted with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to examine the effects of partial substitution of plant protein sources with fish meal in diets. Three different sources of plant protein including soybean, sunflower and cottonseed meals were substituted by fish meal at four levels of 10, 20, 30 and 40 percentages. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of fish in a completely randomized design as a 3×4 factorial arrangement, with a control diet. Seven hundred and eighty fish were used in this trial. Twenty fish were randomly assigned to each of 39 pens and were acclimated in these pens to the experimental conditions two weeks before treatments began. This substitution caused no significant differences in all the criteria measured with control diet. Fish fed diets of 30 and 40 percent soybean meal substitution showed greater weight gain and better growth performance, lower FCR and higher PER values in comparison with the fish receiving other diets, although the differences were not significant. Irrespective of substitution levels, comparison of fish fed by three different sources of plant protein in their diets showed that the fish fed diet containing sunflower meal had significantly (p<0.0l) lower final mean weight and growth performance, higher FCR and lower PER than the fish receiving soybean and cottonseed meal diets. Relative liver weight of fish receiving soybean meal diets was significantly (p<0.0l) higher than those fed with cottonseed meal diets, but the difference was not significant when compared with the fish fed with the sunflower meal diets. Partial replacement of cottonseed meal resulted in a higher energy availability to fish and also better performance of fish. However, diets containing soybean meal showed not much effects on performance of rainbow trout. These results indicate that cottonseed and soybean meals can be recommended as a suitable and fish meal-sparing ingredient in diets for rainbow trout.}, Keywords = { Fish meal, Plant protein, Growth, Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {103-113}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {1998} }