@article{ author = {Alizadeh, A. and Ghorbani, A.G. and Haghnia, G.H.}, title = {Comparison of Yields and Quality of Tomato under Two Irrigation Methods (Drip and Furrow)}, abstract ={In order to compare the effect of drip and furrow irrigation methods with different quantities of water (50%, 75%, and 100% of the amount of water evaporated from class A pan evaporation during irrigation intervals) on yield and quality of tomato, an experiment was conducted on a silty loam soil in Mashhad Agricultural Research Station. The experimental design was a factorial trial with completely randomized blocks and. four replications. The results showed that the highest yield (51 t/ha) was obtained from the treatment of drip irrigation with 100% water application. This amount was 4.5 tons higher than the yield from furrow irrigation treatment. Deficit irrigation by 25 and 50 percent decreased total yield by 34.7% and 67.95% in the drip irrigation method and by 27.57% and 64.29% in the furrow irrigation, respectively. Water use efficiency in drip irrigation was two times higher than that in the furrow treatment. Quality and chemical composition of the fruits were not significantly different in the two irrigation methods. Increasing the water deficit, however, increased the amount of soluble solids of the fruits.}, Keywords = { Drip irrigation, Furrow irrigation, Water use efficiency, Tomato, Yield.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {Arsalanbod, M.}, title = {Comparison of Changes in Consumption Distribution in the Rural and Urban Areas of Iran}, abstract ={Consumption of goods and services by households is an important index of their level of economic welfare. State of consumption distribution among households is an important index of equity in economic welfare. In this research, two important dimensions of consumption distribution have been studied: 1) Trend of changes of consumption distribution between Iranian rural and urban households 2) Changes of consumption distribution among households within rural and urban areas in different provinces. Secondary data were used in this research from rural and urban households surveys of expenditure and income for different years. The results show that the ratio of urban household expenditures over rural household expenditures during 1965-96 has had a decreasing trend, though the gap is still high. To compare consumption expenditure distribution changes within rural and urban areas in different provinces, the data for the two years of 1986 and 1996 have been used. The results show that countrywide the Gini coefficients in 1986 and 1996 in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas in rural areas the coefficients were 0.458 and 0.421 and in urban areas 0.430 and 0.403, respectively, which indicate a decrease of 8.08 and 6.28 percent, respectively. Among the rural areas of 24 provinces, the Gini coefficients of 9 provinces increased and those of 15 provinces decreased from 1986 to 1996. This is while the comparison for the urban areas in the same provinces and for the same period indicates that the Gini coefficient of 6 provinces increased but that of 17 provinces decreased. No change occurred in the case of Tehran Province.}, Keywords = { Consumption distribution change, Rural area, Urban area, Expenditure gap, Expenditure distribution, Gini coefficient.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {11-17}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-110-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-110-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {Rezaenejad, Y. and Afyuni, M.}, title = {Effect of Organic Matter on Soil Chemical Properties and Corn Yield and Elemental Uptake}, abstract ={Due to high production of organic residues such as sewage sludge and compost, land application is probably the best way to prevent accumulated residues in the environment. However, the risk involved in the land application of organic residues should be evaluated prior to the assessment of their economic and fertilizer values. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic residues on soil chemical properties, yield and uptake of heavy metals and nutrients by corn (Zea mays L.). The study was a randomized complete block design with three replications with four treatments including cow manure, sewage sludge, municipal compost and inorganic fertilizer. The organic amendments were applied to the plots at a rate of 50 t ha-1 and inorganic fertilizer treatment consisted of 250 kg ha-1 ammonium phosphate and 250 kg ha-1 urea. Organic amendments significantly increased soil organic matter content, EDTA-extractable Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb and plant available P, K, and N. Uptake and concentration of nutrient in corn grain and shoots were significantly affected by treatments, whereas Cd and Pb concentrations were the same among the treatments. Cow manure and sewage sludge treatments had the highest and compost had the lowest corn silage and grain yields. Overall, the results indicated that cow manure and sewage sludge had a high fertilizer value and led to heavy metal concentrations in soil as well as corn tissues which were much lower than the reported standards.}, Keywords = { Cow manure, sewage sludge, Compost, Nutritional elements, Heavy metals, Corn.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {19-29}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-177-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-177-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {Rahmani, H.R. and Kalbasi, M. and Hajrasuliha, S.}, title = {Lead-Polluted Soil along Some Iranian Highways}, abstract ={Soil as the third major component of our environment is exposed to different kinds of pollution. Lead has been recognized as a factor in environmental pollution. Pollution of soil and plants along the highways and roads by Pb from automobile exhaust gases has extensively been reported as the most important pollutant source in the environment. This research was carried out to determine the degree of soil pollution along the following highways: Rasht-Anzaly (Anzaly area), Kelachay-Ramsar (Ramsar area), Tehran-Karaj (Karaj area) and Isfahan-Tehran (Delijan area). In each location a transect of 100 meters long, perpendicular to the highway axis, was selected for sampling. Soil samples at different depths were taken from different distances from the highway and analysed for some physical and chemical characteristics and total Ph content by 5M HNO3 extraction. Results indicated that the total Pb content of soil decreased exponentially with distance from the roadside. Total Pb content of soil decreased sharply with depth in all highways except in one area indicating that Pb was retained in the surface soil and that its movement down to the deep soil was slow. Total Pb content of soils was highly and directly related to the traffic volume.}, Keywords = { Lead, Soil pollution, Traffic volume, Pollutant, Heavy metals, Pollution density.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {31-42}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-111-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-111-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {Salavati, M.R. and Arzani, A. and Mirlohi, A.F. and Bankehsaz, A.}, title = {Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration from Mature Embryos in Maize Inbred Lines and Hybrids}, abstract ={This study was conducted to evaluate the responses of Iranian commercial genotypes of maize (hybrids and their inbred lines) to callus induction and plant regeneration, using mature embryos. Twenty five genotypes comprising of 12 inbred lines, 11 single cross hybrids, 1 double cross hybrid and 1 composite cultivar were used. Mature embryos of the genotypes were plated on MS and N6 media. Callus induction rates were evaluated using relative growth rate of callus (RGR), callus fresh weight (CFW), callus dry weight (CDW) and callus growth rate (CGR). The results indicated that genotypes highly varied in both callus induction and plant regeneration. IL8 inbred line, SC7 (IL4×IL8) and SC9 (IL6×IL10) hybrids had the highest callus production capacity (based on CFW and CDW), whereas the highest RGR and CGR were obtained for ILl inbred line and SC9 hybrid. The estimated heterosis based on superior parent showed the highest heterosis for CFW, CDW, RGR and CGR in SC9 hybrid. Genotype × medium interactions for CWD, RGR and CGR were significant. For instance, SC9 hybrid on MS medium and IL8 on N6 medium produced the highest CGR. There was a significant difference between the observation periods [8, 12, 16 and 20 days after planting (DAP)], so that CGR was the least at 8 DAP and increased gradually till 16 DAP, but declined afterward. CGR had a range of 0.51 in IL8 inbred line to 0.74 in SC9 hybrid. Comparisons of the genotype for plant regeneration percent indicated that ILl and IL10 inbred lines as well as SC2 and SC4 single cross hybrids had the highest regeneration rates. Considering plant regeneration as a critical and genotypic dependent factor, it can be concluded that ILl and IL10 inbred as well as SC4 (IL4×IL5, ‘single cross 301’), SC2 (IL2×IL3, ‘single cross 704’) and SC7 hybrids are recommended for use in tissue culture-based breeding programs in maize.}, Keywords = { Zea mays L., Mature embryo culture, Callus induction, Regeneration.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {43-56}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-112-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-112-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {Nouri-Delawar, M.Z. and Arzani, A.}, title = {Study of Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryo Culture in Rice Cultivars}, abstract ={This study was conducted to evaluate the response of 18 rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to callus induction and plant regeneration from immature embryo culture, using three media (MS, LS and N6). To evaluate callus induction rate, the following criteria were used: callus diameter, callus fresh weight and callus dry weight. Percentage of callus water content was also measured. After transferring the produced calli from the induction media to a regeneration medium (MSR), percentage of plant regeneration was evaluated. A highly significant difference was observed among genotypes for both callus induction and plant regeneration (P<0.01). In callus induction phase, “Nemat” and “Cheram-2” cultivars were superior for callus diameter, having 4.83 and 4.6 mm callus diameter, respectively. “Nemat”, “Cheram-2”, “Sepidrood” and “Taroum” cultivars as well as “33IRCTN91” and “IRFAON-30” lines were significantly superior to other cultivars for callus fresh weight. Among the genotypes “Nemat”, “Zayandehrood”, “33IRCTN91” had the highest percentage of callus water contents. Based on plant regeneration, “33IRCTN91” line and “Anbarbo”, “Nemat”, “Cheram-2” and “Taroum” cultivars showed highest rate of plant regeneration from callus. Significant differences were observed among media. While MS and N6 media did not showed any significant differences for callus diameter, callus fresh weight and rate of plant regeneration, they were superior to LS medium (P<0.01). According to percentage of callus water content, MS and LS media ranked the best and the most inferior medium, respectively. In the present study, MS and N6 media were considered as suitable in vitro culture media of rice immature embryos. Among genotypes, “Nemat” and “Cheram-2” cultivars were ranked the best for both callus induction and plant regeneration. Also, the used Japonica rice cultivars were superior for percentage of plant regeneration. The calculated correlation coefficients between traits showed a non-significant correlation between callus induction and plant regeneration, which, in turn, indicated that these traits were independent.}, Keywords = { Rice, Oryza sativa L. , Immature embryo culture, Callus induction, Regeneration.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {57-72}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-113-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-113-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {Zarmehr, F. and Pourreza, J. and Samie, A.H.}, title = {Effects of Changing Vitamin Supplement and Available Phosphorus on Broiler Chicken Performance During Finishing Period}, abstract ={This experiment was conducted to determine the requirements of vitamin supplement and available phosphorus in broiler chickens from 42 to 56 days of age. In a completely randomized design, with a 3×3×3 factorial arrangement, 270 one-day-old commercial broiler chicks were divided into 27 groups (replicates) with 9 treatments, 3 replicates and 10 chicks in each group. Each of the nine diets was given to each treatment from 42 days of age. Levels of vitamin supplement were 0.5, 0.25, 0% and available phosphorus levels were 0.27, 0.22, 0.16%. Diets were isocaloric and isoprotein. Group weight and feed consumption of each replicate were determined after 42 and 56 days of age and daily gain, daily feed consumption and feed conversion were calculated. Percent of carcass components and tibia ash were determined. Results indicated that removal of vitamin supplement from 42 to 56 days of age did not have any significant effects on daily gain, daily feed consumption, feed conversion, live weight, viscera, abdominal fat, carcass weight, wings, neck and back bone. Also, reduction of available phosphorus did not have any significant effect on daily feed consumption, feed conversion, live weight, viscera, abdominal fat, carcass weight, breast meat, femurs, wings, neck and tibia ash. Interaction between vitamin and phosphorus were significant for daily gain, daily feed consumption, live weight, wings, neck and tibia ash (P<0.005) and were highly significant for breast meat, femurs, and back bone (P<0.00l).}, Keywords = { Supplements, Non-phytated phosphorus, Broiler chicken.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {73-81}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-114-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-114-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {RowghaniHaghighiFard, E.}, title = {The Effects of Cellulomonas uda Bacteria on Fermentation Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Corn Silage}, abstract ={Whole corn plant was ensiled in 70 gr minisilos for 60 days to evaluate the effects of addition of two levels of Cellulomonas uda bacteria (0, 1.2×105 and 2.4×105 cfu per gr of fresh forage) on fermentation and chemical composition of silage. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design. The silos were opened after 3 and 6 days of fermentation. The criteria measured included dry matter (DM), pH, organic matter, water soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, cell wall (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, and ammonia-N contents. Both levels of bacteria significantly decreased the pH of silages after 3 days (P<0.05). The final pH of silage with the higher level of bacteria was significantly lower, indicative of a greater fermentation of cellulose in this silage. Addition of bacteria resulted in a non-significant increase in the level of final residual water soluble carbohydrates. Final silage ammonia-N concentration was less than 0.8% of dry matter in all silages and was not affected by bacterial treatment. The ADF content was decreased by 11.9% in the silage containing the lower level of bacteria and by 1.8% in the silage which contained the higher level of bacteria. The NDF content increased in the control silage and that with the lower level of bacteria but decreased by 3.6 gr Kg DM-1 in the silage with the higher bacterial level. Hemicellulose contents increased in all silages but cellulose contents decreased by 9.38% (control), 17.37% (low bacteria) and 12.49% (high bacteria) in the control and bacteria-treated silages, respectively. The results indicated that the addition of 12×105 cfu Cellulomonas uda per gr of whole fresh corn plant was effective in increasing residual water soluble carbohydrates, reducing NDF and hydrolyzing cellulose of whole corn plant.}, Keywords = { Cellulomonas uda , Whole corn plant, Water soluble carbohydrates, Cellulose, Cell wall.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {83-90}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-115-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-115-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {MosharrafBoroujeni, L. and Keramat, J.}, title = {The Study of Red Beet Colour Production and its Stability During Processing for Food Industries}, abstract ={Recent restrictions on the use of artificial food colours have prompted extensive research on natural pigments as suitable substitutes. The red beet Beta vulgaris L. has been found as a suitable source of natural red pigment since beet powder and concentrates can conveniently be used in food products. In this research, hot and cold extractions of randomly selected red beets were used after preparation and blanching. The extracts were filtered and passed through a column of Amberlite XAD-7 resins after adjusting the pH to 2.5. The adsorbed colour compounds were extracted from the resins by eluting the column with acidified alcohol. The solvent was removed by vacuum rotary evaporator and solid colour was obtained, using a freeze dryer. Physicochemical properties of the solid colour were determined by measuring ash and sugar contents of the solid colour. Also, its purity and stability were investigated under different conditions. The amount of ash and sugar were negligible. The highest stability was observed at a pH value of 5 under cold and dark storage conditions. The purity of the solid colour was determined by scanning in the range of visible wavelengths and preparative TLC. The result showed that purity of the colour as a hundred percent betacyanins. The yield of production was calculated as 2.7 g powder per kilogram of beet. The colour was used in producing ice cream and frozen sherbets, which showed to be a suitable replacement for artificial colour carmoisine. Also the production cost of the colour was as low as less than 0.1 percent of that of ice cream or frozen sherbets.}, Keywords = { Red beet, Colour production, Natural pigment, Amberlite resin.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {91-101}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {SabooryHalestani, S. and Dokhani, S.H. and Kabir, G.H. and Shokrani, R.}, title = {Qualitative and Guantitative Changes of Organic Acids in Processed Olives by HPLIC}, abstract ={Four cultivars of olive, Kalamata, Marri, Zard and Fishmi were obtained from Roodbar town and treated with two methods, natural and controlled fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum as a starter culture at 25°C for 100 days. HPLC analysis experiments were conducted during the whole study period. A higher level (1.08% w/w) of total acidity was produced in Fishmi cultivar especially in the natural fermentation (0.8-1.1 g lactic acid/ml) than in other cultivars. Individual organic acids were determined by HPLC. Quantitative changes of organic acids in olives showed (P<0.0l) an increasing pattern of lactic and acetic acids during fermentation, but decreasing levels of malic and citric acids were revealed. The highest level of lactic acid (1.1% w/v) was observed in Zard cultivar and the type of fermentation had no effect on acid production. Malic and citric acids gradually disappeared during 50 days of fermentation period and this change was faster for citric acid during controlled fermentation. Malic acid did not follow this pattern.}, Keywords = { Olive, Organic acid, Natural fermentation, Controlled fermentation, HPLC.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {103-117}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {Zibai, K. and Hatami, B.}, title = {Singular and Joint Usage of Third Larval Instars of Hippodamia Variegata (Goeze) and Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) in Biological Control of Aphis gossypii Glover in Greenhouse}, abstract ={The efficiency of singular and joint usage of third larval instars of ladybeetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) was studied against cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover on cucumber plants in greenhouse. The predator-prey ratio of 1:30 reduced the population of pest significantly. Singular and joint usage of predators, however, was not significantly different. The predator-prey ratio of 1:90 reduced the population of host significantly but the treatment with larvae of both predators and the treatment with only ladybeetle larvae were not significantly different. However, only the treatment with lacewing larvae was significantly different from the two above-mentioned treatments.}, Keywords = { Hippodamia Variegata, Green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea , Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, Singular and joint usage.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {119-128}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} } @article{ author = {Khajeddin, S.J.}, title = {Impacts of Habitat Slope on Plant from of Astracantha adscendens}, abstract ={Astracantha adscendens is an endemic species in Iran growing on alpine and above alpine timberline habitats on the Zagross Mountain Range. These habitats are characterized by steep slopes, heavy snowfalls and long ice formation periods. The present study was carried out in Chelgerd, Bakhtiari, and Fereidan, Isfahan. Slopes, elevation above sea-level, and magnetic north azimuth were measured. The canopy cover was also measured along four radii in upward, downward, left and right directions. Regression analysis was performed for the measured values of plant and environmental factors. The results revealed that the upward radius had a high negative correlation with slope changes while the downward radius showed no relationship with slope variations. The two left and right radii had a high and positive relationship with each other, both reducing in length as the slope steepness increased. Shrub volume decreases with increasing slope steepness. Plant shape was classified into seven groups using Sorenson similarity index and constructing the dendrogram. Snow pressure bends the stem toward the soil surface. Snow gliding pressure scratches stem and its base buds above the bent stem. Soil and debris move downward the slope as a result of snow gliding and rainfall runoff as well as wildlife and domestic animals. Snow gliding along with other natural factors have various effects on A. adscendens plant form which can be grouped under three categories: direct mechanical effect of snow, physiological effect of snow, and indirect effect of precipitation and wildlife. The environmental factors and plant physiological responses to them change the A. adscendens plant form from a funnel or ob-conical shape to a semi-funnel or semi ob-conical form.}, Keywords = { Astracantha adscendens, Alpine timberline habitats, Above alpine, Plant form, Cluster analysis, Habitat slope, Charmahal-e-Bakhtiari.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {129-144}, publisher = {Isfahan University of Technology}, url = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-119-en.html}, eprint = {http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/article-1-119-en.pdf}, journal = {JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology}, issn = {2476-3594}, eissn = {2476-5554}, year = {2001} }