<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<journal>
<title>Journal of Water and Soil Science</title>
<title_fa>علوم آب و خاک</title_fa>
<short_title>jwss</short_title>
<subject>Agriculture</subject>
<web_url>http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir</web_url>
<journal_hbi_system_id>0</journal_hbi_system_id>
<journal_hbi_system_user>user</journal_hbi_system_user>
<journal_id_issn>2476-3594</journal_id_issn>
<journal_id_issn_online>2476-5554</journal_id_issn_online>
<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
<journal_id_doi>10.47176/jwss</journal_id_doi>
<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
<journal_id_nlai></journal_id_nlai>
<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
<language>fa</language>
<pubdate>
	<type>jalali</type>
	<year>1385</year>
	<month>4</month>
	<day>1</day>
</pubdate>
<pubdate>
	<type>gregorian</type>
	<year>2006</year>
	<month>7</month>
	<day>1</day>
</pubdate>
<volume>10</volume>
<number>2</number>
<publish_type>online</publish_type>
<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
<articleset>
	<article>


	<language>fa</language>
	<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
	<title_fa>بررسی آزمایشگاهی چرخه زیستی و میزان تغذیه سوسک&lt;i&gt;Cybocephalus fodori minor&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span dir=ltr&gt; (Col. :Cybocephalidae )&lt;/span&gt;شکارگر سپردار واوی پسته&lt;i&gt;Lepidosaphes pistaciae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span dir=ltr&gt; ( Hom. :Diaspididae )&lt;/span&gt;</title_fa>
	<title>Laboratory Study of Life Cycle and Feeding Rate of the Beetle &lt;i&gt;Cybocephalus fodori minor&lt;/i&gt; (Col.: Cybocephalidae) Predator of Pistachio Oyster Shell Scale &lt;i&gt;Lepidosaphes pistaciae&lt;/i&gt; (Hom.: Diaspididae)</title>
	<subject_fa>عمومی</subject_fa>
	<subject>Ggeneral</subject>
	<content_type_fa>پژوهشي</content_type_fa>
	<content_type>Research</content_type>
	<abstract_fa>وجود سوسک شکارگر &lt;em&gt;Cybocephalus fodori minor&lt;/em&gt; در ایران برای اولین‌بار در سال 1381 گزارش شد. با توجه به انجام بررسی‌های محدود در زمینه چرخه زیستی سوسک‌های شکارگر جنس &lt;em&gt;Cybocephalus&lt;/em&gt; و به ویژه سوسک شکارگر &lt;em&gt;C. fodori&lt;/em&gt; ، چرخه زیستی و میزان تغذیه این شکارگر، روی سپردار واوی پسته برای اولین ‌بار در شرایط آزمایشگاهی ( دمای  2&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±25&lt;/span&gt; درجه سانتی‌گراد، رطوبت نسبی 5&lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;�&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;65 درصد و دوره نوری 16 ساعت روشنایی) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در آزمایشگاه، دوره نشو و نمای سوسک شکارگر &lt;em&gt;C. f. minor&lt;/em&gt; در شش مرحله زیستی شامل تخم، سه سن لاروی، شفیره و حشره کامل بررسی شد. طول دوره یک نسل این سوسک شکارگر (بدون احتساب طول عمر حشرات کامل) در شرایط آزمایشگاه در حشرات نر، بین 43 تا 46 و در حشرات ماده، 38 تا 42 روز بود. طول دوره‌های جنینی، لاروهای سن یک، دو، سه، شفیر‌گی، طول عمر حشرات کامل نر، ماده و دوره‌های قبل و بعد از تخم‌ریزی این زیرگونه در شرایط آزمایشگاه به ترتیب 1/0 ± 8/8، 1/0± 2/5، 1/0 ± 4/3، 1/0 ± 8/6، 3/0 ± 3/17، 2/2 ± 2/59، 1/3 ± 8/65، 6/1 ± 8/6 و 5/0 ± 5/3 روز محاسبه شد. میانگین تعداد تخم حشرات ماده در طول دوره زندگی خود روی سپردار واوی پسته 2/6 ±7/64 عدد بود که در زیر سپرها قرار داده شد. نسبت جنسی این حشره در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و مزرعه 1:1 تعیین شد. میزان تغذیه روزانه حشره کامل ماده، نر، لاروهای سن یک، دو و سه این شکارگر از حشرات کامل ماده سپردار واوی پسته در آزمایشگاه به ترتیب 5/3 ± 1/7، 2/2 ± 9/6، 2/0 ± 8/1، 2/0 ± 7/3 و 3/0 ± 9/5 عدد بود. این شاخص‌ها برای تغدیه شکارگر از تخم و پوره سن دو شپشک نیز محاسبه شد. با توجه به طول عمر بیشتر حشرات کامل، بیشترین میزان شکارگری در طول یک نسل در این مرحله انجام می‌گیرد. </abstract_fa>
	<abstract>&lt;p&gt;The predatory beetle &lt;em&gt;Cybocephalus fodori minor&lt;/em&gt; has recently been reported in Iran. Also few studies have been reported on life cycle of &lt;em&gt;Cybocephalus beetles&lt;/em&gt;, especially on that of &lt;em&gt;C. f. minor&lt;/em&gt;. Thus, the life cycle and feeding rate of this predatory beetle was studied on pistachio oyster shell scale, &lt;em&gt;Lepidosaphes pistaciae&lt;/em&gt; under laboratory conditions (temperature: 25 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;2 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;°&lt;/span&gt;c  relative humidity: 65 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;5% and photoperiod: 16:8 L: D/h). Life cycle of &lt;em&gt;C. f. minor&lt;/em&gt; was completed at six stages including egg, three larval instars, pupa and adult. Duration of the development for one generation (not considering preoviposition period) was 43-46 days for males and 38- 42 days for females. The developmental time length for the egg, larval instars1-3, pupa, male and female adults longevity, preoviposition and postoviposition periods was 8.8 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.1, 5.2 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.1, 34 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.1, 6.8 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.1, 17.3 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.3, 59.2 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;2.2, 65.8 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;3.1, 6.8 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1.6 and 3.5 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.5, respectively. Average fecundidity (number of eggs laid by a female per her life time) was 64.7 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;6.2. Sex ratio in the laboratory and in the field was 1:1. Daily feeding rate for the female and male adults, larval instars feeding on adult female scale was 7.1 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;3.5, 6.9 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;2.2, 1.8 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.2, 3.7 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.2 and 5.9 &lt;span style=&quot;FONT-SIZE: 11pt LINE-HEIGHT: 115% FONT-FAMILY: &#039;Calibri&#039;,&#039;sans-serif&#039; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: EN-US mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.3, respectively. These parameters were also determined when those stages were fed on the eggs and second nymphal stages of pistachio oyster shell scale. Adult beetles over 60 days exhibited the highest feeding on this scale. &lt;/p&gt;</abstract>
	<keyword_fa> <span dir=ltr><i>Cybocephalus fodori minor </i></span>، چرخه زیستی، میزان تغذیه، سپردار واوی پسته </keyword_fa>
	<keyword> <i> Cybocephalus fodori minor</i> , Life cycle, Feeding rate, Pistachio oyster shell scale.</keyword>
	<start_page>255</start_page>
	<end_page>267</end_page>
	<web_url>http://jstnar.iut.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2-558&amp;slc_lang=fa&amp;sid=1</web_url>


<author_list>
	<author>
	<first_name></first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>J. Kolahdooz Shahrudi</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa>جلال کلاهدوز شاهرودی</last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email></email>
	<code></code>
	<orcid></orcid>
	<coreauthor>Yes
</coreauthor>
	<affiliation></affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


	<author>
	<first_name></first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name> H. Seyedoleslami</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa> حسین سیدالاسلامی</last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email></email>
	<code></code>
	<orcid></orcid>
	<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
	<affiliation></affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


	<author>
	<first_name></first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name> R. Ebadi</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa> رحیم عبادی</last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email></email>
	<code></code>
	<orcid></orcid>
	<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
	<affiliation></affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


	<author>
	<first_name></first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>B. Hatami</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa>بیژن حاتمی</last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email></email>
	<code></code>
	<orcid></orcid>
	<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
	<affiliation></affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


</author_list>


	</article>
</articleset>
</journal>
